Maternal feeding practices and fussy eating in toddlerhood: a discordant twin analysis

Table 3 Models for within-twin pair differences in ‘food fussiness’ and maternal feeding practices (n = 1013 pairs)

Within-twin pair differences	Model 1: Instrumental feeding^b F(7, 1005) = 4.34 (p < .001) R² = .029			Model 2: Pressure to eat^c F(7, 1005) = 45.61 (p < .001) R² = .241			Model 3: Restriction^d F(7, 1005) = 4.39 (p < .001) R² = .030
Within-twin pair differences	B ± SE	β	p value	B ± SE	β	p value	B ± SE	β	p value
Food fussiness^a	.021 (.004)***	.146	<.001	.148 (.012)***	.338	<.001	-.011 (.013)	−.026	.405
SDS Birth weight	.004 (.003)	.046	.203	.005 (.008)	.022	.959	.004 (.008)	.018	.624
SDS Weight at 16 months	−.006 (.003)	−.072	.051	−.092 (.009)***	−.347	<.001	.038 (.009)***	.153	<.001
Sex^e
Both boys	−.008 (.006)	−.045	.216	.012 (.017)	.021	.505	.029 (.019)	.056	.121
Both girls	−.002 (.006)	−.010	.787	.017 (.017)	.032	.317	.008 (.018)	.017	.643
Early feeding method^f
Both mostly breastfed	−.001 (.015)	−.009	.924	−.022 (.042)	−.043	.604	−.009 (.045)	−.018	.845
Both mostly bottle−fed	.006 (.015)	.037	.694	−.009 (.042)	−.019	.823	−.015 (.045)	−.032	.729

B indicates unstandardized estimate, β indicates the standardized estimate
*p < .05; *p < .01; **p < .001
Subscales are from the ^aCEBQ [25]; ^bPFSQ [23]; ^cCFQ [12]; and ^dPoppets scale [24]
^eThe reference group different sex between twins (ie. boy-girl twin pairs); ^fThe reference group is different feeding method between twins (ie. one twin mostly bottle-fed, the other twin mostly breastfed)

ISSN: 1479-5868