Longitudinal associations of lifestyle factors and weight status with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in preadolescent children: the large prospective cohort study IDEFICS

Table 5 Determinants of IR (HOMA-IR ≥p95^a) - results from multivariate mixed logistic regression models

N = 1083	Model 1^b (with BMI z-score)		Model 2^b (with waist z-score)
N = 1083	OR	95 % CI	OR	95 % CI
BMI z-score (Cole)
(unit change from mean)	2.6	2.1–3.1
Waist z-score (Cole)
(unit change from mean)			2.2	1.9–2.6
Time spent in MVPA^c
1^st Quartile (≤ 27 min./day)	Ref.		Ref.
2^nd Quartile (27 - ≤38.7 min./day)	0.9	0.6–1.5	1.1	0.7–1.7
3^rd Quartile (38.7 - ≤54.6 min./day)	0.5	0.3–0.9	0.5	0.3–0.9
4^th Quartile (≥ 54.6 min./day)	0.7	0.5–1.1	0.7	0.5–1.1
Sex
(female versus male)	2.2	1.5–3.1	2.5	1.8–3.6
Age
(unit change from mean)	1.0	0.9–1.2	1.0	0.9–1.1
ISCED
Low (1–2)	1.2	0.7–2.2	1.3	0.7–2.3
Medium (3–4)	1.2	0.9–1.8	1.2	0.8–1.8
High (5–6)	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Audio-visual media time (h/d)
(unit change from mean)	1.2	1.0–1.4	1.2	1.0–1.4
Fat consumption propensity score^d
(unit change from mean)	1.2	1.0–1.4	1.2	1.0–1.4

Figures in bold indicate a significant effect. Confidence bounds of 1.0 are caused by rounding
^aAge- and sex-specific 95^th percentiles (p95) from Peplies et al. [29]
^bAnalyses were adjusted for all parameters in the respective column, including country as a random effect to account for the clustered study design
^c MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity
^dPropensity to consume items high in or fat, relative to frequency of all items on food frequency questionnaire. The score was included into the model in a modified form: it was divided by 10 to obtain meaningful effect estimates – one unit in the multivariate model thus represents 10 units of the original score used in the univariate model

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