The effect of changing the built environment on physical activity: a quantitative review of the risk of bias in natural experiments

Benton, Jack S.; Anderson, Jamie; Hunter, Ruth F.; French, David P.

doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0433-3

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Table 3 Summary of risk of bias judgements for included outcomes

From: The effect of changing the built environment on physical activity: a quantitative review of the risk of bias in natural experiments

Author (date)	Outcome	Pre-intervention		At-intervention	Post-intervention				Overall bias^a
Author (date)	Outcome	Bias due to confounding	Bias in selection of participants into the study	Bias in measurement of interventions	Bias due to departures from intended interventions	Bias due to missing data	Bias in measurement of outcomes	Bias in selection of the reported result	Overall bias^a
Branas et al. [37]	Self-report	Serious	Serious	Moderate	Serious	Serious	Serious	Serious	Critical
Cohen et al. [38]	1) Systematic observation	Serious	Serious	Moderate	Low	Low	Serious	Serious	Critical
Cohen et al. [38]	2) Self-report	Serious	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Serious	Serious	Serious
Cohen et al. [39]	Systematic observation	Serious	Serious	Moderate	Low	Low	Serious	Serious	Critical
Cohen et al. [40]	1) Systematic observation	Serious	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Critical	Serious	Critical
Cohen et al. [40]	2) Self-report	Serious	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate	Critical	Serious	Critical
Fitzhugh et al. [41]	Systematic observation	Serious	Serious	Serious	Low	Low	Serious	Serious	Critical
Gustat et al. [42]	1) Self-report	Serious	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Low	Serious	Serious	Serious
Gustat et al. [42]	2) Systematic observation	Serious	Serious	Low	Low	Low	Serious	Serious	Critical
Krizek et al. [43]	Self-report	Critical	Serious	Serious	Serious	No information	Serious	Serious	Critical
Merom et al. [44]	Self-report	Serious	Critical	Serious	Moderate	Moderate	Critical	Serious	Critical
Parker et al. [45]	Systematic observation	Serious	Serious	Serious	Low	Low	Serious	Serious	Critical
Tester and Baker [46]	Systematic observation	Serious	Moderate	Low	Serious	Moderate	Serious	Serious	Critical
Veitch et al. [47]	Systematic observation	Serious	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Serious	Serious
West and Shores [48]	Self-report	Serious	Moderate	Serious	Serious	Serious	Serious	Serious	Critical

^aIf an outcome is at a particular level of risk of bias for any of the seven domains (e.g. serious), then the overall risk of bias will be at least this severe (e.g., serious). If an outcome has moderate or serious risks of bias in four or more domains, then the outcome has an overall serious or critical risk of bias judgement respectively

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ISSN: 1479-5868

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