Author (date)
|
Outcome
|
Pre-intervention
|
At-intervention
|
Post-intervention
|
Overall biasa
|
---|
Bias due to confounding
|
Bias in selection of participants into the study
|
Bias in measurement of interventions
|
Bias due to departures from intended interventions
|
Bias due to missing data
|
Bias in measurement of outcomes
|
Bias in selection of the reported result
|
---|
Branas et al. [37]
|
Self-report
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Moderate
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Critical
|
Cohen et al. [38]
|
1) Systematic observation
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Moderate
|
Low
|
Low
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Critical
|
2) Self-report
|
Serious
|
Moderate
|
Moderate
|
Moderate
|
Moderate
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Cohen et al. [39]
|
Systematic observation
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Moderate
|
Low
|
Low
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Critical
|
Cohen et al. [40]
|
1) Systematic observation
|
Serious
|
Moderate
|
Low
|
Low
|
Low
|
Critical
|
Serious
|
Critical
|
2) Self-report
|
Serious
|
Moderate
|
Low
|
Low
|
Moderate
|
Critical
|
Serious
|
Critical
|
Fitzhugh et al. [41]
|
Systematic observation
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Low
|
Low
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Critical
|
Gustat et al. [42]
|
1) Self-report
|
Serious
|
Moderate
|
Low
|
Moderate
|
Low
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
2) Systematic observation
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Low
|
Low
|
Low
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Critical
|
Krizek et al. [43]
|
Self-report
|
Critical
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
No information
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Critical
|
Merom et al. [44]
|
Self-report
|
Serious
|
Critical
|
Serious
|
Moderate
|
Moderate
|
Critical
|
Serious
|
Critical
|
Parker et al. [45]
|
Systematic observation
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Low
|
Low
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Critical
|
Tester and Baker [46]
|
Systematic observation
|
Serious
|
Moderate
|
Low
|
Serious
|
Moderate
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Critical
|
Veitch et al. [47]
|
Systematic observation
|
Serious
|
Moderate
|
Low
|
Low
|
Low
|
Low
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
West and Shores [48]
|
Self-report
|
Serious
|
Moderate
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Serious
|
Critical
|
-
aIf an outcome is at a particular level of risk of bias for any of the seven domains (e.g. serious), then the overall risk of bias will be at least this severe (e.g., serious). If an outcome has moderate or serious risks of bias in four or more domains, then the outcome has an overall serious or critical risk of bias judgement respectively