Table 2 CONSORT risk of bias assessment and effectiveness of e-&mHealth interventions on physical activity and diet outcomes

Lana et al. 2014 [35]

3-group RCT

18 (72 %)

Diet: 0

PA: 0

Rotheram-Borus et al. 2012 [50]

1-group pre-post-follow-up

7.5 (30 %)

Diet: Not included

PA: 0

Ramachandran et al. 2013; Ram et al. 2014 [40, 41]

Prospective 2-group RCT

22 (88 %)

Diet: +

PA: 0

Shetty et al. 2011 [42]

2-group RCT

7 (28 %)

Diet: 0

PA: 0

Zolfaghari et al. 2012 [47]

2-group CT

13.5 (54 %)

Diet: 0

PA: 0

Chen et al. 2014 [51]

1-group pre-post

10.5 (42 %)

Diet: +

PA: +

Tamban et al. 2013 [43]

2-group RCT

15 (60 %)

Diet: +

PA: +

Nurgul et al. 2015 [52]

1-group pre-post

8.5 (34 %)

Diet: +

PA: +

Bombem et al. 2013 [48]

2-group CT

11.5 (46 %)

Diet: + (less decrease in diet quality)

PA: Not included

Sriramatr et al. 2014 [44]

2-group RCT

12 (48 %)

Diet: Not included

PA: +

Shahid et al. 2015 [45]

2-group RCT

11.5 (46 %)

Diet: +

PA: +

Müller et al. 2016 [46]

2-group RCT

22 (88 %)

Diet: Not included

PA: +

Rubinstein et al. 2016 [36]

2-group RCT

22 (88 %)

Diet: +

PA: 0

Ganesan et al., 2016 [37]

1-group pre-post

12 (48 %)

Diet: Not included

PA: +

Pfammatter et al., 2016 [49]

2-group CT

16 (64 %)

Diet: +

PA: 0