Parent–child associations for changes in diet, screen time, and physical activity across two decades in modernizing China: China Health and Nutrition Survey 1991–2009

Table 1 Characteristics of analytic sample over time, China Health and Nutrition Survey 1991–2009

	1991	2000	2009
No. of parent–child pairs	2257	2638	772
Child’s age, y (mean ± SD)^a	12.6 ± 3.2	13.0 ± 2.9	14.2 ± 2.3
Mother’s age, y (mean ± SD)^a	38.5 ± 5.4	39.1 ± 5.5	40.3 ± 4.4
Father’s age, y (mean ± SD)^a	40.4 ± 6.0	40.5 ± 5.8	41.8 ± 5.0
Child’s gender, % male	51.4	52.7	53.2
Highest parental education, %^a
None/primary school	18.8	8.2	9.2
Middle school	28.4	18.5	22.8
High school	49.1	67.0	58.9
College, technical or higher	3.8	5.8	9.1
Number of generation, % three-generation^{a, b}	26.1	33.1	57.9
Number of children, % one child^a	47.2	45.9	72.4
Annual household income, 1000 yuan (mean ± SD)^{a, c}	11.4 ± 8.2	19.2 ± 19.8	40.0 ± 40.0
Urbanicity (mean ± SD)^{a, d}	42.4 ± 15.2	54.2 ± 16.9	61.6 ± 18.4

^aStatistically different across years at the p < 0.01 level using one-way ANOVA (continuous variables) or chi-squared test (categorical variables)
^bThree-generation: children, parents and grandparents (versus two-generation: children and parents)
^cTotal household income inflated to 2011
^dUrbanicity defined by a multicomponent urbanicity scale ranging from 0–120 [31]

ISSN: 1479-5868