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Table 2 Predicted parent-offspring associations for diet (% energy), screen time (hours/week), and leisure-time sports (any/none)a

From: Parent–child associations for changes in diet, screen time, and physical activity across two decades in modernizing China: China Health and Nutrition Survey 1991–2009

 

1991

1993

1997

2000

2004

2006

2009

P-interaction with year

 

Beta

99 % CI

Beta

99 % CI

Beta

99 % CI

Beta

99 % CI

Beta

99 % CI

Beta

99 % CI

Beta

99 % CI

Animal-source foods, % energyb

 

 Mother (n = 4264)

 

  Low urbanicity

1.59

1.50,1.67

1.51

1.43,1.58

1.43

1.36,1.51

1.27

1.19,1.34

1.28

1.20,1.36

1.19

1.10,1.28

1.14

1.03,1.25

<0.001

  Medium urbanicity

1.26

1.19,1.34

1.18

1.11,1.25

1.11

1.04,1.18

0.94

0.88,1.01

0.96

0.88,1.03

0.87

0.79,0.95

0.82

0.71,0.92

  High urbanicity

0.89

0.81,0.97

0.81

0.74,0.88

0.74

0.67,0.81

0.57

0.51,0.64

0.58

0.51,0.66

0.49

0.41,0.57

0.44

0.34,0.55

Father (n = 3906)

  Low urbanicity

1.44

1.35,1.53

1.37

1.28,1.45

1.30

1.22,1.38

1.20

1.11,1.28

1.17

1.08,1.27

1.12

1.02,1.22

1.07

0.95,1.19

<0.001

  Medium urbanicity

1.20

1.11,1.29

1.13

1.05,1.21

1.06

0.98,1.14

0.96

0.88,1.04

0.93

0.85,1.02

0.88

0.79,0.98

0.83

0.71,0.94

  High urbanicity

0.87

0.78,0.96

0.80

0.72,0.87

0.73

0.65,0.81

0.63

0.55,0.71

0.60

0.51,0.69

0.55

0.46,0.64

0.49

0.38,0.61

Away-from-home eating, % energyb

 

 Mother (n = 4280)

 

  Low urbanicity

0.45

0.41,0.49

0.43

0.40,0.47

0.41

0.37,0.44

0.35

0.31,0.38

0.33

0.30,0.37

0.35

0.31,0.39

0.29

0.25,0.33

<0.001

  Medium urbanicity

0.41

0.37,0.44

0.39

0.36,0.42

0.37

0.33,0.40

0.31

0.28,0.34

0.29

0.26,0.32

0.31

0.27,0.34

0.25

0.21,0.28

 High urbanicity

0.33

0.29,0.36

0.31

0.28,0.35

0.29

0.26,0.32

0.23

0.20,0.26

0.21

0.18,0.24

0.23

0.20,0.26

0.17

0.13,0.20

 Father (n = 3917)

0.28

0.25,0.31

0.28

0.25,0.31

0.27

0.24,0.29

0.25

0.22,0.28

0.24

0.21,0.27

0.26

0.23,0.29

0.23

0.19,0.27

0.002

Snacking, % energyb

 

 Mother (n = 4276)

4.55

2.87,6.22

6.62

4.75,8.49

7.00

5.07,8.93

5.51

3.45,7.56

7.21

4.84,9.57

5.24

3.47,7.01

2.39

0.91,3.86

<0.001

 Father (n = 3918)

4.49

2.59,6.39

7.17

4.66,9.67

4.88

2.90,6.86

3.44

1.49,5.39

6.59

3.41,9.77

4.15

1.81,6.49

2.13

0.17,4.08

<0.001

Screen time, hrs/weekc

 

 Mother (n = 845)

        

0.02

0.01,0.03

0.01

0.00,0.02

0.01

0.00,0.02

0.002

 Father (n = 742)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.02

0.01,0.03

0.01

0.00,0.02

0.01

−0.00,0.01

0.009

Any leisure-time sports participation, %d

       

OR

99 % CI

OR

99 % CI

OR

99 % CI

 

 Mother (n = 817)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1.98

1.05,3.71

1.98

1.05,3.71

1.98

1.05,3.71

0.36

 Father (n = 735)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2.83

1.52,5.28

2.83

1.52,5.28

2.83

1.52,5.28

0.99

  1. Due to our large sample size, 99 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated instead of 95 % CIs to correspond to the p-values of 0.01
  2. aTable shows coefficients at medium income in the Central region, and by urbanicity where there was statistically significant interaction by urbanicity. Separate random-effects negative binomial regression models for each behavior predicted beta coefficients for animal-source foods, away-from-home eating, snacking, and screen time; random-effects logistic regression model predicted odds ratios (OR) for leisure-time sports participation. All models controlled for child’s baseline age (y) and sex, household income (tertiles), urbanicity (tertiles), geographic region (North/Central/South), year of study entry, and highest parental education (none or primary/middle school/high school/technical, college or higher)
  3. bBeta coefficients for animal-source foods, away-from-home eating, and snacking indicate the change of child’s daily intake in percentage of total energy with mother’s or father’s intake increased by 10 % total energy
  4. cBeta coefficients for screen time indicate the change of child’s screen time in hours/week with mother’s or father’s screen time increased by one hour per week
  5. dParent-child association presented as ORs of participation in children based on parental participation status