Environmental attributes | Total walking | Within-neighbourhood walking | Walking + cycling | Cycling | All active travel | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | ∅ | N | pa | Da | P | ∅ | N | pa | Da | P | ∅ | N | pa | Da | P | ∅ | N | pa | Da | P | ∅ | N | pa | Da | |
Residential density/urbanisation | 7 | 6 | 0 | <.001 | P | 1 | 3 | 0 | .319 | ∅ | 1 | 1 | 0 | .089 | ∅ | 0 | 0 | 1 | .050 | N | 9 | 10 | 1 | .002 | P |
Walkability | 8 | 1 | 0 | <.001 | P | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | .050 | P | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | 9 | 2 | 0 | <.001 | P |
Street connectivity | 5 | 10 | 0 | .014 | P | 2 | 2 | 0 | .046 | P | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | - | - | - | - | - | 7 | 13 | 0 | .002 | P |
Access to/availability of services/destinations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Overall access to destinations/services | 6.5 | 7.5 | 0 | <.001 | P | 4 | 0 | 0 | <.001 | P | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | 10.5 | 9.5 | 0 | <.001 | P |
Land use mix – destination diversity | 10.5 | 6.5 | 0 | <.001 | P | 2.66 | 1.34 | 0 | .003 | P | 1 | 1 | 0 | .310 | ∅ | - | - | - | - | - | 14.16 | 8.84 | 0 | <.001 | P |
Shops/commercial | 5.33 | 3.67 | 0 | <.001 | P | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0 | .156 | ∅ | 1 | 0 | 0 | .050 | P | 1 | 0 | 0 | .050 | P | 8.13 | 4.87 | 0 | <.001 | P |
Food outlets | 1 | 5 | 0 | .542 | ∅ | 1.8 | 2.2 | 0 | .050 | P | 1 | 0 | 0 | .050 | P | - | - | - | - | - | 3.8 | 7.2 | 0 | .027 | P |
Business/government/institutional/industrial | 4 | 5 | 1 | .112 | ∅ | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | 2 | 0 | 0 | .006 | P | - | - | - | - | - | 6 | 7 | 1 | .018 | P |
Health and aged-care | 2 | 3 | 1 | .451 | ∅ | 1 | 1 | 0 | .166 | ∅ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | 4 | 1 | .166 | ∅ |
Religious | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | 1 | 1 | 0 | .166 | ∅ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 3 | 0 | .327 | ∅ |
Public transport | 8.2 | 1.8 | 0 | <.001 | P | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | 1 | 0 | 0 | .050 | P | 9.2 | 7.8 | 0 | <.001 | P |
Parks/open space/recreation | 6.93 | 10.07 | 0 | .001 | P | 2.8 | 1.2 | 0 | .002 | P | 1 | 3 | 0 | .287 | ∅ | - | - | - | - | - | 10.73 | 14.27 | 0 | <.001 | P |
Entertainment | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0 | .191 | ∅ | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | - | - | - | - | - | 0.8 | 7.2 | 0 | .553 | ∅ |
Other | 0 | 2.14 | 0.86 | .310 | ∅ | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 3.14 | 0.86 | .390 | ∅ |
Pedestrian & cycling infrastructure | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pedestrian-friendly features | 6.76 | 18.24 | 1 | .024 | P | 5.22 | 6.78 | 0 | .003 | P | 1.45 | 2.55 | 0 | .194 | ∅ | - | - | - | - | - | 13.43 | 27.57 | 1 | <.001 | P |
Barriers to walking/cycling | 1 | 10 | 0 | .535 | ∅ | 1 | 3 | 2 | .397 | ∅ | 0 | 2 | 1 | .295 | ∅ | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 15 | 3 | .664 | ∅ |
Benches/sitting facilities | 2 | 2 | 0 | .048 | P | 2.33 | 2.67 | 0 | .033 | P | - | - | - | - | - | 0.18 | 0.82 | 0 | .674 | ∅ | 4.51 | 5.49 | 0 | .004 | P |
Street lights | 1 | 3 | 0 | .290 | ∅ | 1 | 0 | 0 | .050 | P | 1 | 0 | 0 | .050 | P | 0.22 | 0.78 | 0 | .595 | ∅ | 3.22 | 3.78 | 0 | .013 | P |
Easy access to building entrance | 2.56 | 0.44 | 0 | .002 | P | 2.49 | 1.51 | 0 | .010 | P | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5.05 | 1.95 | 0 | <.001 | P |
Public toilets | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ |
Aesthetics and cleanliness/order | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greenery and aesthetically pleasing scenery | 3.01 | 11.99 | 0 | .189 | ∅ | 0.84 | 2.16 | 0 | .239 | ∅ | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | 3.85 | 20.15 | 0 | .160 | ∅ |
Littering/vandalism/decay | 0.72 | 2.28 | 3 | .050 | N | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | 1 | 0 | 1 | .802 | ∅ | 0.07 | 0.93 | 0 | .883 | ∅ | 1.79 | 6.21 | 4 | .191 | ∅ |
Pollution (air, noise) | 1 | 2 | 0 | .293 | ∅ | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | 0.07 | 0.84 | 0.09 | .963 | ∅ | 1.07 | 4.84 | 0.09 | .457 | ∅ |
Safety and traffic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Traffic/pedestrian safety | 3 | 19.49 | 1.51 | .484 | ∅ | 0 | 8.78 | 2.22 | .189 | ∅ | 3 | 2 | 1 | .056 | ∅ | 0 | 1 | 1 | .166 | ∅ | 6 | 31.27 | 5.73 | .888 | ∅ |
Human or motorised traffic volume | 2 | 1 | 0 | .024 | P | 2 | 2 | 0 | .054 | ∅ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4 | 3 | 0 | .004 | P |
Crime/personal safety | 2 | 15.86 | 3.14 | .667 | ∅ | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1.00 | ∅ | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1.00 | ∅ | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 22.86 | 6.14 | .755 | ∅ |