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Table 3 Summary table of associations of neighbourhood physical environmental correlates of active travel in older adults

From: The neighbourhood physical environment and active travel in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Environmental attributes

Total walking

Within-neighbourhood walking

Walking + cycling

Cycling

All active travel

 

P

∅

N

pa

Da

P

∅

N

pa

Da

P

∅

N

pa

Da

P

∅

N

pa

Da

P

∅

N

pa

Da

Residential density/urbanisation

7

6

0

<.001

P

1

3

0

.319

∅

1

1

0

.089

∅

0

0

1

.050

N

9

10

1

.002

P

Walkability

8

1

0

<.001

P

-

-

-

-

-

1

0

0

.050

P

0

1

0

1.00

∅

9

2

0

<.001

P

Street connectivity

5

10

0

.014

P

2

2

0

.046

P

0

1

0

1.00

∅

-

-

-

-

-

7

13

0

.002

P

Access to/availability of services/destinations

Overall access to destinations/services

6.5

7.5

0

<.001

P

4

0

0

<.001

P

0

1

0

1.00

∅

0

1

0

1.00

∅

10.5

9.5

0

<.001

P

Land use mix – destination diversity

10.5

6.5

0

<.001

P

2.66

1.34

0

.003

P

1

1

0

.310

∅

-

-

-

-

-

14.16

8.84

0

<.001

P

Shops/commercial

5.33

3.67

0

<.001

P

0.8

1.2

0

.156

∅

1

0

0

.050

P

1

0

0

.050

P

8.13

4.87

0

<.001

P

Food outlets

1

5

0

.542

∅

1.8

2.2

0

.050

P

1

0

0

.050

P

-

-

-

-

-

3.8

7.2

0

.027

P

Business/government/institutional/industrial

4

5

1

.112

∅

0

2

0

1.00

∅

2

0

0

.006

P

-

-

-

-

-

6

7

1

.018

P

Health and aged-care

2

3

1

.451

∅

1

1

0

.166

∅

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3

4

1

.166

∅

Religious

0

2

0

1.00

∅

1

1

0

.166

∅

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

3

0

.327

∅

Public transport

8.2

1.8

0

<.001

P

0

5

0

1.00

∅

0

1

0

1.00

∅

1

0

0

.050

P

9.2

7.8

0

<.001

P

Parks/open space/recreation

6.93

10.07

0

.001

P

2.8

1.2

0

.002

P

1

3

0

.287

∅

-

-

-

-

-

10.73

14.27

0

<.001

P

Entertainment

0

5

0

1.00

∅

0.8

1.2

0

.191

∅

0

1

0

1.00

∅

-

-

-

-

-

0.8

7.2

0

.553

∅

Other

0

2.14

0.86

.310

∅

-

-

-

-

-

0

1

0

1.00

∅

-

-

-

-

-

0

3.14

0.86

.390

∅

Pedestrian & cycling infrastructure

Pedestrian-friendly features

6.76

18.24

1

.024

P

5.22

6.78

0

.003

P

1.45

2.55

0

.194

∅

-

-

-

-

-

13.43

27.57

1

<.001

P

Barriers to walking/cycling

1

10

0

.535

∅

1

3

2

.397

∅

0

2

1

.295

∅

-

-

-

-

-

2

15

3

.664

∅

Benches/sitting facilities

2

2

0

.048

P

2.33

2.67

0

.033

P

-

-

-

-

-

0.18

0.82

0

.674

∅

4.51

5.49

0

.004

P

Street lights

1

3

0

.290

∅

1

0

0

.050

P

1

0

0

.050

P

0.22

0.78

0

.595

∅

3.22

3.78

0

.013

P

Easy access to building entrance

2.56

0.44

0

.002

P

2.49

1.51

0

.010

P

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

5.05

1.95

0

<.001

P

Public toilets

0

2

0

1.00

∅

0

1

0

1.00

∅

-

-

-

-

-

0

1

0

1.00

∅

0

4

0

1.00

∅

Aesthetics and cleanliness/order

Greenery and aesthetically pleasing scenery

3.01

11.99

0

.189

∅

0.84

2.16

0

.239

∅

0

5

0

1.00

∅

0

1

0

1.00

∅

3.85

20.15

0

.160

∅

Littering/vandalism/decay

0.72

2.28

3

.050

N

0

3

0

1.00

∅

1

0

1

.802

∅

0.07

0.93

0

.883

∅

1.79

6.21

4

.191

∅

Pollution (air, noise)

1

2

0

.293

∅

-

-

-

-

-

0

2

0

1.00

∅

0.07

0.84

0.09

.963

∅

1.07

4.84

0.09

.457

∅

Safety and traffic

Traffic/pedestrian safety

3

19.49

1.51

.484

∅

0

8.78

2.22

.189

∅

3

2

1

.056

∅

0

1

1

.166

∅

6

31.27

5.73

.888

∅

Human or motorised traffic volume

2

1

0

.024

P

2

2

0

.054

∅

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

4

3

0

.004

P

Crime/personal safety

2

15.86

3.14

.667

∅

3

4

3

1.00

∅

0

3

0

1.00

∅

-

-

-

-

-

5

22.86

6.14

.755

∅

  1. Notes. P = positive association; ∅ = nil association; N = negative association; p = p value; D = direction of associations supported by the data; subscript ‘a’ = fully adjusted (for sample size and study quality). In bold: statistically significant evidence of associations when 5+ findings reported on specific combinations of environment – active travel variables)