Municipal investment in off-road trails and changes in bicycle commuting in Minneapolis, Minnesota over 10 years: a longitudinal repeated cross-sectional study

Table 1 Tract^a-level sociodemographic, neighborhood infrastructure, and commuting characteristics in Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2000 and 2010^b

	2000	2010
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	p-value^c
Commuting by bicycle^d, %	1.76 (1.96)	4.04 (3.48)	<0.01
Change in cycling % from previous decade^d	0.12 (1.7)	2.3 (3.0)	<0.01
Tract population, n	3,299 (1.18)	3,319 (1,299)	0.85
Workers aged 16+, n	1,792 (800)	1,766 (822)	0.73
Total commuting trips for work from tract^e, n	1,530 (712)	1,526 (711)	0.97
Commuting trips from tract that cross the trail system^e, %	0.27.4 (0.16.9)	27.6 (16.3)	0.95
Intersection density (3+ links, per sq km)^f	59.9 (16.2)	70.4 (21.0)	<0.01
Total bicycle lane length, km^g	1.69 (1.62)	2.88 (1.90)	<0.01
Maximum reach of bicycle lane network, km^g	114 (60)	261 (50)	<0.01
Total bicycle trail length, km^g	0.88 (1.65)	1.31 (2.10)	<0.01
Maximum reach of off-road trail network, km^g	12.2 (15.7)	67.6 (63.1)	0.02
Maximum combined reach of bicycle lane and off-road trail network, km^g	217.7 (87.5)	410.1 (38.4)	<0.01
Distance to trail system, km^h	---	3.70 (2.95)	na
College graduate, % population > =25 years old	34.6 (19.7)	42.1 (20.5)	<0.01
Non-Hispanic white, % population	60.9 (26.6)	59.8 (25.9)	0.63
Professional employment, % workers	38.1 (14.7)	44.5 (16.5)	<0.01
Workers 18–34 years old, %	33.2 (12.6)	66.5 (28.7)	<0.01
Median household income, $10,000	5.52 (2.20)	5.20 (2.6)	0.14

^a116 tracts harmonized to 2010 Census boundary delineations
^bTract-level 2010 Census data used unless noted
^cWilcoxon rank test comparing 2000 and 2010
^d2010 variable derived from 2008 to 2012 pooled tract-level American Community Survey (ACS) data
^eData on commuting trips for work and destination obtained from the Census Transportation and Planning Products
^fIntersection density was calculated as the number of intersections in tract divided by tract land area (km) based on the ESRI StreetMap Premium 2010 road database, with intersections defined as the junction of 3 or more street segments, excluding dead-ends and cul-de-sacs
^gBicycle lane and off-road trail data were from local sources as documented elsewhere [23]
^hDistance to the trail system was the distance between the centroid of the tract and the closest point of the interconnected trail system. The Midtown Greenway and Hiawatha Trail did not exist in 2000, so there is no distance variable and no p-value

ISSN: 1479-5868