Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants with high and low risk stratified by SMMI^a (n = 1337)

n (%)

1337

330 (24.7)

1007 (75.3)

Skeletal muscle mass, kg

27.3 ± 7.40^b

22.1 ± 6.02

28.9 ± 7.01

<0.001^d

Skeletal muscle mass index, kg/m²

11.0 ± 2.23^b

8.88 ± 1.68

11.7 ± 1.95

<0.001^d

Gender, men, %

51.5

51.8

51.4

0.905

 65-69

39.2

22.1

44.8

<0.001

 70-74

33.7

33.0

33.9

 75-79

17.4

23.6

15.4

  ≥ 80

9.72

21.2

5.96

 Fukienese

59.6

56.5

60.5

0.560

 Hakka

10.6

10.6

10.6

 Mainlander

18.2

20.4

17.5

 Indigenous

11.6

12.5

11.3

 Illiterate

33.1

39.1

31.1

0.012

 Primary and below

45.7

38.8

48.0

 Secondary

14.2

13.6

14.4

 Secondary and above

6.97

8.48

6.47

Lived alone, %

9.42

11.5

8.74

0.134

 Enough

14.1

12.3

14.7

0.530

 Just enough

56.5

57.6

56.2

 Some difficulty

23.7

23.3

23.9

 Very difficult

5.70

6.92

5.30

  < 15,000

39.3

36.3

40.3

0.193

 15,000–29,999

17.4

16.3

17.8

 30,000–49,999

19.8

25.3

18.0

  ≥ 50,000

23.5

22.1

23.9

 Good

39.8

34.3

41.6

0.008

 Fair

45.8

46.8

45.4

 Poor

14.4

19.0

12.9

ADL

0.20 ± 1.07^b

0.35 ± 1.37

0.15 ± 0.94

0.003^d

CCI

3.64 ± 3.45^b

3.19 ± 3.18

3.79 ± 3.52

0.006^d

Body mass index

23.7 ± 3.65^b

21.0 ± 3.22

24.6 ± 3.32

<0.001

 Under weight

7.19

22.1

2.29

<0.001

 Normal weight

45.7

61.8

40.5

 Over weight

29.1

11.5

34.9

 Obese

18.0

4.55

22.4

DDS

4.44 ± 1.06^b

4.36 ± 1.05

4.46 ± 1.07

0.142^d

  ≤ 4

50.4

50.9

50.3

0.835

  > 4

49.6

49.1

49.8

Physical activity (MET/day)

2.11 ± 3.53^b

1.93 ± 3.73

2.16 ± 3.46

0.284^d

  < 1.5

59.5

63.3

58.2

0.099

  ≥ 1.5

40.5

36.7

41.8