Effective behaviour change techniques for physical activity and healthy eating in overweight and obese adults; systematic review and meta-regression analyses

Table 2 Results from meta-regression analysis of 50 short term outcome reports of PA and diet interventions

	Simple meta-regression^a				Multiple meta-regression^b
Study characteristics	b	95% CI	P value	Adj. R² %	b	95% CI	P value
BCT 1.1 Goal setting behaviour^c	0.480	(0.257, 0.705)	<0.001	49.2	0.440	(0.225, 0.655)	<0.001
BCT 2.2 Feedback on behaviour^c	0.219	(−0.040, 0.479)	0.096	4.4
BCT 2.3 Self-monitoring of behaviour^c	0.398	(0.164, 0.632)	0.001	35.3
BCT 2.7 Feedback on outcome of behaviour^c	0.243	(−0.040, 0.527)	0.091	12.0
BCT 6.1 Demonstration of the behaviour^c	0.244	(−0.035, 0.523)	0.085	11.9
BCT 9.2 Pros and cons^c	−0.252	(−0.542, 0.038)	0.087	4.8
High and unclear risk of reporting bias^d	0.670	(0.100, 1.240)	0.022	18.5	0.530	(0.257, 1.034)	0.040
Number of BCTs unique in intervention group^e	0.033	(0.008, 0.059)	0.012	23.8
Source of delivery^f
No health professionals/unclear	0.000	reference
Other health professionals	−0.201	(−0.550, 0.148)	0.252
Health professionals trained in behaviour change	−0.283	(−0.607, 0.040)	0.085	6.5
Adj. R² %					58.8

Abbreviations and symbols: BCT behaviour change technique, PA physical activity, b estimated meta-regression coefficient, CI confidence interval Adj. R ² adjusted proportion of between study variance explained by predictors
^aSimple linear meta-regression of pooled estimates of 30 physical activity and 20 diet intervention’s outcome reports. Only predictors with significant or borderline significant effects are reported; ^bMultiple linear meta-regression: results after stepwise backwards elimination from model with all significant predictors included. Only effects with p < 0.05 are retained in the model. ^cThe difference of BCTs between intervention and control group contains this BCT, compared to studies not having this difference. ^dHigh and unclear risk of reporting bias versus low risk; ^eThe number of unique BCTs in the intervention group as compared with the control group; ^fSource of delivery: competence of the counsellor

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