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Table 1 Systematic review of parental predictors on child healthy and unhealthy food consumption by age

From: The influence of parental practices on child promotive and preventive food consumption behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

 

Healthy Food

Unhealthy Food

Predictors

Pos.

Neg.

N.S.

Pos.

Neg.

N.S.

 

Pre-operational stage (Age 2 to 6)

 Restrictive Guidance

35% (6)

12% (2)

53% (9)

33% (7)

29% (6)

38% (8)

 Active Guidance

0%

0%

100% (2)

-

-

-

 Availability

78% (7)

0%

22% (2)

100% (7)

0%

0%

 Accessibility

67% (2)

0%

33% (1)

-

-

-

 Modeling

100% (14)

0%

0%

67% (2)

0%

33% (1)

 Pressure to eat

14% (2)

36% (5)

50% (7)

55% (6)

0%

45% (5)

 Rewarding food consumption

50% (3)

0%

50% (3)

-

-

-

 Reward with verbal praise

80% (4)

0%

20% (1)

0%

0%

100% (2)

 Food as reward

0%

25% (2)

75% (6)

71% (5)

0%

29% (2)

 

Concrete operational stage (Age 7 to 11)

 Restrictive Guidance

40% (4)

10% (1)

50% (5)

9% (1)

45% (5)

45% (5)

 Active Guidance

50% (1)

0%

50% (1)

0%

50% (1)

50% (1)

 Availability

92% (12)

0%

8% (1)

88% (7)

0%

13% (1)

 Accessibility

67% (2)

0%

33% (1)

-

-

-

 Modeling

87% (13)

0%

13% (2)

78% (7)

0%

22% (2)

 Pressure to eat

0%

14% (1)

86% (6)

14% (1)

0%

86% (6)

 Rewarding food consumption

0%

0%

100% (3)

0%

0%

100% (3)

 Reward with verbal praise

0%

0%

100% (2)

0%

0%

100% (2)

 Food as reward

0%

50% (1)

50% (1)

50% (1)

0%

50% (1)

 

Formal operational stage (Age 12 to 18)

 Restrictive Guidance

0%

0%

100% (3)

0%

83% (5)

17% (1)

 Active Guidance

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Availability

67% (2)

0%

33% (1)

60% (3)

20% (1)

20% (1)

 Accessibility

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Modeling

50% (1)

0%

50% (1)

100% (4)

0%

0%

 Pressure to eat

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Rewarding food consumption

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Reward with verbal praise

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Food as reward

-

-

-

-

-

-

  1. Values in brackets reflect the number of studies that found either a positive, negative, or non-significant effect