Determinants of eating at local and western fast-food venues in an urban Asian population: a mixed methods approach

Table 2 Odds ratio (95% CI) of usually eating-out for 2 or more meals per day by socio-demographic characteristics of participants from the Singapore National Nutrition Survey (2010)^a

	Usually eat-out for 2 or more meals daily (%)	Model −1^b	Model -2^b	Model -3^b
Eating- out (all locations)^c	44.5%	-	-	-
Age (years) ^d	41 (30–54)	0.99 (0.98–1.00)	0.98 (0.97–0.99)*	0.98 (0.96–1.00)
Sex
Male	51.6	1.00	1.00	1.00
Female	37.4	0.56 (0.41–0.77)*	0.51 (0.36–0.71)*	0.53 (0.37–0.76)*
Ethnicity
Chinese	52.3	1.00	1.00	1.00
Malay	24.9	0.30 (0.22–0.42)*	0.27 (0.19–0.37)*	0.23 (0.16–0.33)*
Indian	16.9	0.19 (0.13–0.26)*	0.15 (0.11–0.22)*	0.15 (0.10–0.21)*
Marital status
Never married	54.1	1.00	1.00	1.00
Married	41.4	0.60 (0.43–0.83)*	0.70 (0.46–1.06)	0.60 (0.38–0.96)*
Widowed or divorced or separated	40.9	0.59 (0.30–1.14)	0.96 (0.44–2.08)	1.43 (0.64–3.18)
Education
Primary or below	38.2	1.00	1.00	1.00
Secondary	46.7	1.41 (0.87–2.30)	1.21 (0.73–2.00)	1.08 (0.62–1.87)
Junior college or diploma	46.9	1.42 (0.85–2.40)	0.85 (0.46–1.57)	0.78 (0.39–1.59)
Degree or professional qualifications	44.3	1.29 (0.75–2.20)	0.72 (0.36–1.43)	0.65 (0.28–1.54)
Monthly household income
< $2000	42.2	1.00	1.00	1.00
$2000 - $3999	52.6	1.52 (0.98–2.35)	1.25 (0.76–2.07)	1.34 (0.84–2.13)
$4000 - $5999	43.5	1.05 (0.67–1.66)	0.79 (0.46–1.35)	0.91 (0.53–1.55)
$6000 and above	45.6	1.15 (0.73–1.79)	0.74 (0.45–1.21)	0.94 (0.53–1.65)
Employment
Employed	52.5	1.00	1.00	1.00
Student or national serviceman	40.5	0.62 (0.36–1.05)	0.51 (0.26–1.00)	0.41 (0.18–0.91)*
Homemaker or housewife	8.6	0.08 (0.04–0.18)*	0.11 (0.05–0.24)*	0.07 (0.03–0.17)*
Retired or unemployed	31.2	0.41 (0.15–1.16)	0.37 (0.13–1.07)	0.63 (0.18–2.30)

^aEstimates are derived from weighted analyses based on sample sizes ranging from 1647 to 1477 due to missing information for specific participant characteristics (household income, n = 166;, marital status, n = 3;, employment, n = 3; and education, n = 1)
^bModel -1: unadjusted; Model -2: adjusted for age, ethnicity and sex; Model -3: further adjusted for education and income
^cAll eating-out locations include hawker centers, food courts, coffee shops, workplace canteens, school, junior college, polytechnic, or university canteens, restaurants or coffee houses, fast-food restaurants and other
^dValues are median (25th – 75th percentile)
*p-value ≤0.05

ISSN: 1479-5868