Table 4 Summary data from included studies
Study | Country | Sample size (n) included in the analysis (min and max within age ranges of interest) | Number of data points between 13 and 30 years (mean ages in years at each data point) | SD of age or age range at baseline or youngest age presented (years) | Year when sample were mean age 13 | Method of diet data collection at each wave |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Named studies | ||||||
1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study [49] | Brazil | 3915 | 2 (14, 18) | 0·3 | 2007 | FFQ |
Adelaide Nutrition Study (ANS) [50] | Australia | 106 | 3 (13, 15, 17) | n/r | n/r | Four day diary |
Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study (AGHLS) [51–65] | Netherlands | 145 to 391 | 3 (16, 21, 27) | 0.8 | 1977 | Diet history interview |
South African | 1298 to 1451 | 3 (13, 15, 17) | 0.2 | 2003 | Questionnaire | |
Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Study (CLHNS) [68, 69] | Philippines | 2029 to 2106 | 2 (15, 18) | n/r | 1996 | Two 24-h dietary recalls |
Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA) [70, 71] | US | 3394 to 4278 | 3 (25, 26, 28) | 3.6 | 1980 | Questionnaire |
European Youth Heart Study (EYHS) [72] | Sweden | 179 | 2 (15, 21) | n/r | 1996–7 | Single 24-h dietary recall |
French longitudinal study of growth and nutrition (FLSGN) [73] | France | 94 | 2 (14, 16) | n/r | 1998 (estimated) | Diet history interview |
US | 7559 to 8272 | 3 (13, 15, 17) | 1.9 | 2004 | FFQ | |
Health and Behaviour in Teenagers Study (HABITS) [76] | UK | 5229 participants; numbers not reported by wave | 3 (13, 14, 15) | Range 13–14 | 2001 | Questionnaire |
Identifying Determinants of Eating and Activity (IDEA) and the Etiology of Childhood Obesity (ECHO). [77] | US | 562 to 666 | 3 (14, 16) | 1.84 | IDEA: 2005ECHO: 2006 | Three 24-h dietary recalls |
Iowa Bone Development Study (IBDS) [78] | US | 255 to 428 | 3 (13, 15, 17, 19) | n/r | 2008 | Questionnaire |
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth Health Study (NGHS) [17, 79–86] | US | 774 to 2371 | 7 (13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19) | 0.6 | 1990–91 | Three day diary |
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) [87–90] | US | 597 to 16,604 | 3 (16, 21, 28) | 1.7 | 1992–4 | Questionnaire |
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97) [24] | US | 6244 | 3 (mean age n/r, range 18–22, 23–27, 27–31) | range 18–22 | 1993–1997 | Questionnaire |
NEXT Generation Health Study (NEXT) [91] | US | 2172 to 2785 | 4 (16, 17, 18, 19) | 0.03 | 2006–7 | Questionnaire |
UK | 476 to 487 | 3 (13, 15, 22) | 1.5 | 1987–1991 | Diet history interview | |
Norwegian Longitudinal Health Behaviour Study (NLHB) [95–98] | Norway | 380 to 963 | 9 (13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 30) | n/r | 1990 | Questionnaire |
Oslo Youth Study (OYS) [99] | Norway | 422 | 2 (14, 25) | range 11–17 | 1979 | Questionnaire |
Project Eating and Activity in Teens (Project EAT) [15, 100–107] | US | 509 to 2134 | 3 (15, 20, 25) | 0.8 or 1.6 | 1996–8 | FFQ |
Australia | 570 to 1045 | 2 (14, 17) | 0.2 | 2002–2005 | FFQ | |
Study of Latino Adolescents at Risk for Diabetes (SOLAR) [112] | US | 85 | 2 (14, 15) | 1.6 | 2002 (estimated) | Two 24-h dietary recalls |
Tracking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) [113] | Netherlands | 1816 to 2149 | 2 (13, 16) | 0.6 | 2003 | Questionnaire |
Australia | 521 to 1729 | 3 (13, 15, 17) | 1.6 | 2004–5 | FFQ | |
Unnamed studies | ||||||
US | 50 to 93 | 2 (14, 17) | n/r | 1980 | Questionnaire | |
Andrew et al. (2016) [121] | Australia | 222 to 298 | 2 (14, 15) | 0.9 | n/r | Questionnaire |
Bouziotas et al. (2003) [122] | Greece | 198 to 204 | 2 (13, 14) | 0.6 | 2000 | Seven day diary |
Bruno-Ambrosius et al. (2005) [123] | Sweden | 162 | 3 (13, 14, 15) | range < 1 year | 2000 | Questionnaire |
Deforche et al. (2015) [124] | Belgium | 291 | 2 (17, 18) | 0.5 | 2004 or 2005 | FFQ |
Fiorito et al. (2010) [125] | US | 170 | 2 (13, 15) | n/r | 2004 | Three 24-h dietary recalls |
Le et al. (2010) [126] | US | 608 at baseline | 4 (24, 25, 26, 27) | 5.0 | 1990–1993 | Single 24-h dietary recall |
Lehtonen-Veromaa et al. (2008) [127] | Finland | 142 | 2 (16, 20) | 1.8 | 1997 | Questionnaire |
Onimawo et al. (2001) [25] | Nigeria | 38 | 8 (mean age n/r. 18–28 at baseline, followed over 19 months) | range 18–28 | n/r | Seven day diary |
Ovrebo et al. (2011) [128] | Norway | 583 to 606 | 2 (13, 15) | n/r | 2002 | FFQ |
Pearson et al. (2011) [129] | Australia | 121 | 2 (15, 17) | 0.6 | 2004 | Questionnaire |
US | 204 to 208 | 3 (18, 19, 22) | 0.3 | 1994–5 | Questionnaire | |
Racette et al. (2014) [132] | US | 134 | 2 (23, 26) | 2.2 | 1995–97 | Questionnaire |
Rautava et al. (2007) [133] | Finland | 142 | 3 (13, 16, 20) | 1.8 | 1997 | Questionnaire |
Von Post-Skagegard et al. (2002) [134] | Sweden | 208 | 3 (15, 17, 20) | 0.06 | 1991–2 | FFQ |
Zarrazquin et al. (2014) [16] | Spain | 285 | 3 (19, 20, 21) | 1.4 | n/r | FFQ |