Table 2 Main results for multilevel models examining food environments over time
From: Changes in the food environment over time: examining 40 years of data in the Framingham Heart Study
Fast-food | |||||
Home | Work | Commute | |||
Distance from Closest | Counts within 1500 m Buffer | Distance from Closest | Counts within 1500 m Buffer | Counts within 60 m Buffer | |
Change in Meters (95% CI) | Change in Count (95% CI) | Change in Meters (95% CI) | Change in Count (95% CI) | Change in Count (95% CI) | |
Wave 1 (1971–1975) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Wave 2 (1979–1983) | −62.3 (−80.1, −44.4) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | −49.9 (−73.2, −26.6) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.2) |
Wave 3 (1983–1987) | −141.4 (−163.5, −119.3) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) | −106.1 (−131.3, −80.9) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.5) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) |
Wave 4 (1987–1991) | −168.0 (−191.1, −144.9) | 2.0 (1.9, 2.1) | −139.3 (−168.4, −110.2) | 1.8 (1.6, 2.0) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) |
Wave 5 (1991–1995) | −215.8 (−241.7, −190.0) | 3.1 (2.9, 3.2) | −202.5 (−237.2, −167.8) | 3.1 (2.8, 3.3) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.9) |
Wave 6 (1995–1998) | −213.5 (−242.1, −184.8) | 3.3 (3.2, 3.5) | −200.7 (−238.3, −163.0) | 3.3 (3.1, 3.6) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) |
Wave 7 (1998–2001) | −262.1 (−294.4, −229.7) | 3.7 (3.5, 3.9) | −225.6 (−271.4, −179.8) | 3.6 (3.3, 3.9) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.3) |
Wave 8 (2005–2008) | −297.8 (−336.4, −259.2) | 4.9 (4.7, 5.1) | −276.9 (−334.8, −219.0) | 4.5 (4.1, 4.9) | 2.4 (1.9, 2.9) |
Supermarkets | |||||
Home | Work | Commute | |||
Distance from Closest | Counts within 1500 m Buffer | Distance from Closest | Counts within 1500 m Buffer | Counts within 60 m Buffer | |
Change in Meters (95% CI) | Change in Count (95% CI) | Change in Meters (95% CI) | Change in Count (95% CI) | Change in Count (95% CI) | |
Wave 1 (1971–1975) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Wave 2 (1979–1983) | −1193.7 (−1238.2, −1149.2) | 0.3 (0.3, 0.3) | −1432.2 (−1491.8, −1372.6) | 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) | 0.1 (0.1, 0.1) |
Wave 3 (1983–1987) | −1680.3 (−1735.7, −1624.9) | 0.3 (0.3, 0.4) | −1637.2 (−1699.4, −1575.0) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.3) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) |
Wave 4 (1987–1991) | −1523.4 (−1582.2, −1464.6) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.3) | −1142.2 (−1212.7, −1071.8) | 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.3) |
Wave 5 (1991–1995) | −1680.4 (−1747.5, −1613.4) | 0.4 (0.4, 0.4) | −1728.3 (−1813.3, −1643.4) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.4) | 0.3 (0.3, 0.4) |
Wave 6 (1995–1998) | −1711.1 (−1785.3, −1637.0) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.6) | −1724.0 (−1811.5, −1636.5) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) | 0.3 (0.3, 0.4) |
Wave 7 (1998–2001) | −1720.9 (−1806.8, −1635.0) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.6) | −1740.0 (−1850.2, −1629.8) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) | 0.3 (0.3, 0.4) |
Wave 8 (2005–2008) | −1405.7 (−1508.7, −1302.7) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.4) | −1401.5 (−1540.8, −1262.3) | 0.3 (0.3, 0.4) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) |