Disparities in dietary intake and physical activity patterns across the urbanization divide in the Peruvian Andes

Table 1 Characterization of body mass index, physical activity and average number of times various food groups were consumed per month among study participants in Puno, Peru

	Urban (n = 503)	Rural (n = 502)	p-value	Difference in multivariable analyses^b	p-value
Mean age in years (SD)	55.3 (12.1)	55.5 (23.5)	0.76	-	-
% Males (n)	49.5 (249)	47.2 (237)	0.47	-	-
Mean wealth index (SD)	294 (7.95)	96.7 (3.38)	<0.001
Average BMI in kg/m² mean (SD)	27.9 (4.37)	25.2 (3.72)	<0.001
BMI Categories^a
% underweight, (n)	0.59% (3)	1.6% (8)	<0.001	-	-
% normal weight, (n)	23.2 (117)	50.5(253)
% overweight, (n)	49.7 (250)	37.1 (186)
% obese, (n)	26.4 (133)	10.8 (54)
Physical Activity
Average days walking/week, mean (SD)	5.79 (1.96)	6.49 (1.51)	<0.001	0.75	<0.001
Average hours walking/day, mean (SD)	1.57 (2.08)	2.58 (2.11)	<0.001	0.94	<0.001
Food Groups
Whole grains	14	12	0.25	0.84	0.47
Fruit	25	12	<0.001	−6.8	<0.001
Green vegetables	14	8.9	<0.001	−1.8	0.11
Cooked Vegetables	36	40	0.015	−0.47	0.77
Raw Vegetables	5.8	3.4	<0.001	−2.0	<0.001
Legume	4.6	6.5	0.001	1.7	0.02
Meat	15	16	0.28	2.1	0.22
Organ	4.2	3.4	0.06	−2.5	<0.001
Poultry	13	3.9	<0.001	−7.0	<0.001
Seafood	4.8	3.9	<0.001	−0.55	0.07
Eggs	12	10	0.06	−0.14	0.88
Potatoes	30.	48	<0.001	15	<0.001
Refined Grains	38	14	<0.001	−20	<0.001
Dairy	19	11	<0.001	−4.3	<0.001
Desserts	4.1	2.3	<0.001	−1.1	0.02
Ice Cream	3.1	2.9	0.51	0.14	0.72
Sugar	64	50	<0.001	−13	<0.001
Soda	7.2	4.6	<0.001	−2.4	0.002
Fruit Juice	9.6	3.1	<0.001	−3.9	<0.001
Fried Food	7.0	6.3	0.14	−0.59	0.325
Snacks	4.0	3.7	0.55	−1.0	0.15

^aBMI categories defined by World Health Organization; underweight (BMI ≤ 18.5 kg/m2); normal weight (18.5 kg/m² ≥ BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/m²); overweight (25 kg/m² ≥ BMI ≤ 29.9 kg/m²); obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²)
^bModels were adjusted for age, sex, BMI and wealth index

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