Skip to main content

Table 3 Associations of environmental attributes/correlates with older adults’ physical activity by physical activity outcomes

From: Built environmental correlates of older adults’ total physical activity and walking: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Environmental attribute

Total PA1

Total walking only

P

Ø

N

pa

Da

P

Ø

N

pa

Da

Walkability

12.33

6.67

0

<.001

P

4.37

3.63

0

.001

P

Residential density/urbanisation

11.53

33.50

12.97

.394

Ø

8

14.50

3.50

.036

P

Street connectivity

8.80

26.06

2.14

.094

Ø

5.80

13.20

2

.185

Ø

Access to/availability of destinations & services

 Overall access to destinations & services

12.55

38.15

0.50

<.001

P

6.93

25.57

0.50

.009

P

 Land-use mix—destination diversity

5.68

19.32

2

.148

Ø

1

8

2

.439

Ø

 Shops/commercial

9.96

57.04

0

.006

P

8.58

23.42

0

.001

P

 Food outlets

0.72

21.28

1

.932

Ø

0.72

6.28

1

.873

Ø

 Government/finance services

0.33

11.67

0

.834

Ø

0

6

0

1.00

Ø

 Education

0.31

11.69

0

.765

Ø

0.14

2.85

0

.826

Ø

 Health & aged care

4.61

26.39

1

.275

Ø

3.61

7.39

1

.191

Ø

 Religious

0

8

0

1.00

Ø

0

1

0

1.00

Ø

 Public transport

7.50

25.50

1

.016

P

5.50

11.50

1

.011

P

 Parks/public open space

11.29

47.54

0.17

.002

P

6.05

23.78

0.17

.014

P

 Recreational facilities

13.34

39.66

0

<.001

P

3.07

15.93

0

.135

Ø

 Social recreational facilities

4.15

25.95

0

.105

Ø

1.50

10.50

0

.413

Ø

 Other destinations

0

3

0

1.00

Ø

-

-

-

-

-

Infrastructure & streetscape

 Overall access to cycle/walk-friendly infrastructure

1

9

0

.612

Ø

0

3

0

1.00

Ø

 Walk-friendly infrastructure

9

21.49

1.51

.009

P

5

15

0

.042

P

 Cycle-friendly infrastructure

0

5

0

1.00

Ø

0

3

0

1.00

Ø

 No physical barriers (e.g., hills)

5

20.40

2.60

.208

Ø

2

14.40

0.60

.384

Ø

 Pavement/footpath quality

3

6

1

.155

Ø

2

5

0

.169

Ø

 Street lighting

3

6

0

.059

Ø

3

4

0

.042

P

 Greenery & aesthetically pleasing scenery

13.01

45.49

0.5

.004

P

10.51

19.49

0

.002

P

 Pollution (air)

0

5

0

1.00

Ø

0

4

0

1.00

Ø

Safety

 Traffic/pedestrian safety

7

47

3

.463

Ø

5

25

3

.705

Ø

 Crime/personal safety

20.52

50.48

4

<.001

P

10.49

28.01

2.50

.027

P

  1. Notes: 1Objective and self-report total PA (including total walking) combined. P = positive association; Ø = nil association; N = negative association; p = p-value; D = direction of association supported by the data; subscript “a” = fully adjusted (for sample size and article quality). In bold font: statistically significant evidence of a directional association that has been sufficiently studied (i.e., ≥5 findings reported on specific combinations of environmental exposure and PA variables)