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Table 4 Associations of environmental attributes/correlates with older adults’ physical activity by physical activity measurement method (objective and self-report)

From: Built environmental correlates of older adults’ total physical activity and walking: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Environmental attribute

Total PA

Objective

Self-report

P

Ø

N

pa

Da

P

Ø

N

pa

Da

Walkability

5.96

2.04

0

<.001

P

6.37

4.63

0

<.001

P

Residential density/urbanisation

1

7

0

.377

Ø

10.53

26.50

12.97

.240

Ø

Street connectivity

3

7.86

0.14

.262

Ø

5.71

18.20

2

.215

Ø

Access to/availability of destinations & services

 Overall access to destinations & services

3.89

8.31

0

.005

P

8.66

29.84

0.50

.004

P

 Land-use mix—destination diversity

3.17

8.83

0

.019

P

2.51

12.49

2

.884

Ø

 Shops/commercial

1.38

26.62

0

.507

Ø

8.58

29.42

0

.002

P

 Food outlets

0

13

0

1.00

Ø

0.72

8.28

1

.884

Ø

 Government/finance services

0.34

5.66

0

.377

Ø

0

6

0

1.00

Ø

 Education

0.17

6.83

0

.818

Ø

0.14

4.86

0

.845

Ø

 Health & aged care

1

18

0

.612

Ø

3.61

8.39

1

.206

Ø

 Religious

0

5

0

1.00

Ø

0

3

0

1.00

Ø

 Public transport

1

12

0

.520

Ø

6.50

13.50

1

.006

P

 Parks/public open space

1.75

14.25

0

.296

Ø

9.54

33.29

0.17

.002

P

 Recreational facilities

4.29

16.71

0

.056

Ø

9.05

22.95

0

.002

P

 Social recreational facilities

2.65

12.35

0

.118

Ø

1.50

13.50

0

.432

Ø

Infrastructure & streetscape

 Overall access to cycle/walk-friendly infrastructure

1

5

0

.529

Ø

0

4

0

1.00

Ø

 Walk-friendly infrastructure

3

3

0

.031

P

6

18.49

1.51

.059

Ø

 No physical barriers (e.g., hills)

3

5

1

.135

Ø

2

15.40

1.60

.631

Ø

 Greenery & aesthetically pleasing scenery

1.50

15

0.50

.741

Ø

11.51

30.49

0

.001

P

Safety

 Traffic/pedestrian safety

2

14

0

.408

Ø

5

33

3

.737

Ø

 Crime/personal safety

3

8

0

.063

Ø

17.52

42.48

4

.001

P

  1. Notes: P = positive association; Ø = nil association; N = negative association; p = p-value; D = direction of association supported by the data; subscript “a” = fully adjusted (for sample size and article quality). In bold font: statistically significant evidence of a directional association that has been sufficiently studied (i.e., ≥5 findings reported on specific combinations of environmental exposure and PA variables)