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Table 2 Relative estimation error by food (N = 17) and experimental condition

From: The international food unit: a new measurement aid that can improve portion size estimation

Food (portion size)

Total

(N = 128)

Measuring cup

(N = 36)

IFUâ„¢

(N = 31)

Modelling clay

(N = 31)

No aid

(N = 30)

F-Test

 

Mdn

IQR

Mdn

IQR

Mdn

IQR

Mdn

IQR

Mdn

IQR

H(3)

Bread

−2.6

71.8

12.2

92.1

−17.8

61.6

−1.4

41.1

−24.9

87.1

3.25

Pasta

80.4

142.9

132.3a

101.0

55.0b,c

103.4

106.7a,b

118.9

4.9c

100.1

33.22**

Rice (medium)

17.6

81.9

38.4

57.7

−11.5

59.0

6.3

73.8

25.5

120.8

11.47

Mixed vegetables

74.2

93.6

119.3a

109.6

49.8b

74.9

68.5b

112.3

72.9b

152.3

24.01**

Potatoes

32.9

88.1

81.3a

93.3

32.5b,c

66.3

45.8a,b

66.3

−11.1c

67.8

32.30**

Lettuce

152.5

297.4

294.7a

302.6

168.8b

201.6

168.8b

201.6

−55.6c

44.4

68.96**

Strawberry

39.9

104.9

95.9a

135.1

32.9b,c

87.4

74.8a,b

69.9

27.3c

97.7

16.82*

Nectarine

−10.7

58.7

38.1a

52.9

−29.3b

21.2

−5.7c

47.1

−28.8b,c

57.4

34.84**

Apple

−12.5

48.6

11.6a

33.5

−37.1b

28.6

−24.0b,c

35.7

2.0a,c

71.4

33.39**

Steak

53.5

90.3

113.2a

146.6

25.6b

54.6

50.2a,b

65.5

23.4b

84.7

17.09*

Chicken (medium)

73.3

122.9

116.6a

86.7

33.2b

72.1

33.2b

44.4

107.5a

176.6

29.43**

Nuts & dried fruit

4.9

69.8

11.5

74.3

−4.7

71.5

−4.7

42.9

50.0

103.8

8.85

Milk

5.5

32.2

17.2a

23.4

−9.9b

18.8

2.1a

36.0

13.8a

45.5

24.50**

Grated cheese

−7.9

58.8

20.2

31.3

−26.3

46.1

−26.3

43.0

0.7

73.8

10.75

Cake

29.8

69.7

35.1a

42.2

−13.5b

47.6

29.8a

62.7

21.2a,b

148.5

21.56**

Chocolate

33.8

108.7

101.3a

129.9

3.7b,c

66.9

67.2a,b

133.8

−8.5c

76.2

22.17**

French fries (medium)

79.9

109.1

129.3a

89.9

61.0b

92.0

84.0a,b

115.0

48.8b

120.0

20.08**

All foods

44.1

69.7

87.7a

56.1

18.9b

50.2

44.8b

41.9

23.5b

79.8

28.48**

  1. Note: Differences between study groups were investigated using the Kruskal-Wallis test with the Bonferroni correction for 17 comparisons (* P < .05, ** P < .01). Post hoc comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney test with the Bonferroni correction for six comparisons. Different superscript letters indicate significant differences between groups