Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants

Age, y, mean ± SD

31.8 ± 5.6

32.1 ± 6.1

31.5 ± 5.2

31.9 ± 5.3

33.3 ± 4.7

30.7 ± 5.4

32.5 ± 5.5

32.9 ± 4.7

32.1 ± 6.1

31.7 ± 5.1

33.0 ± 4.4

30.7 ± 5.4

 Netherlands

8 (8%)

3 (7%)

5 (8%)

10 (9%)

8 (17%)

2 (3%)

8 (7%)

3 (6%)

5 (8%)

9 (8%)

7 (15%)

2 (3%)

 Belgium

7 (6%)

2 (5%)

5 (8%)

11 (10%)

4 (8%)

7 (12%)

11 (10%)

4 (8%)

7 (11%)

10 (9%)

2 (4%)

8 (13%)

 United Kingdom

11 (11%)

4 (10%)

7 (11%)

10 (9%)

5 (10%)

5 (8%)

13 (11%)

6 (12%)

7 (11%)

11 (10%)

4 (9%)

7 (11%)

 Denmark

27 (26%)

9 (22%)

18 (29%)

25 (23%)

6 (13%)

19 (32%)

25 (22%)

7 (14%)

18 (29%)

25 (23%)

4 (9%)

21 (33%)

 Italy

14 (13%)

3 (7%)

11 (17%)

13 (12%)

7 (15%)

6 (10%)

14 (12%)

8 (16%)

6 (10%)

15 (14%)

8 (17%)

7 (11%)

 Spain

9 (9%)

7 (17%)

1 (2%)

10 (9%)

7 (15%)

3 (5%)

10 (9%)

6 (12%)

4 (6%)

9 (8%)

7 (15%)

2 (3%)

 Ireland

10 (10%)

2 (5%)

8 (13%)

10 (9%)

3 (6%)

7 (12%)

12 (11%)

3 (6%)

9 (14%)

13 (12%)

5 (11%)

8 (13%)

 Poland

10 (10%)

7 (17%)

3 (5%)

7 (7%)

4 (8%)

3 (5%)

10 (9%)

6 (12%)

4 (6%)

11 (10%)

5 (11%)

6 (9%)

 Austria

11 (11%)

5 (12%)

6 (19%)

11 (10%)

4 (8%)

2 (3%)

11 (10%)

8 (16%)

3 (5%)

9 (8%)

4 (9%)

5 (8%)

Having a partner N (%)

99 (95%)

38 (93%)

61 (97%)

99 (93%)

47 (98%)

52 (88%)

109 (96%)

50 (98%)

59 (94%)

103 (94%)

43 (93%)

60 (94%)

Multiparous, N (%)

49 (47%)

16 (39%)

33 (52%)

56 (52%)

25 (52%)

31 (53%)

65 (57%)

33 (65%)

32 (51%)

51 (46%)

26 (57%)

25 (39%)

European descent, N (%)

93 (89%)

34 (83%)

59 (94%)

94 (88%)

42 (88%)

52 (88%)

96 (84%)

45 (88%)

51 (81%)

94 (86%)

37 (80%)

57 (89%)

Higher education, N (%)

53 (52%)

21 (51%)

33 (53%)

58 (54%)

29 (60%)

29 (49%)

65 (57%)

29 (57%)

36 (57%)

60 (55%)

26 (57%)

34 (53%)

History of GDM, N (%)

3 (3%)

1 (2%)

2 (3%)

4 (4%)

2 (4%)

2 (3%)

7 (6%)

4 (8%)

3 (5%)

4 (4%)

1 (2%)

3 (5%)

Gestation on entry, weeks, mean ± SD

15.2 ± 2.4

14.9 ± 2.6

15.3 ± 2.1

15.2 ± 2.2

15.1 ± 2.1

15.3 ± 2.3

15.3 ± 2.4

15.4 ± 2.5

15.3 ± 2.4

15.5 ± 2.3

15.0 ± 2.6

15.9 ± 2.0

Pre-pregnancy weight, kg, mean ± SD

92.0 ± 11.5

91.1 ± 11.8

92.6 ± 11.4

93.3 ± 13.7

91.4 ± 14.6

94.7 ± 12.9

92.5 ± 13.6

89.9 ± 11.1

95.5 ± 15.1

92.7 ± 13.4

92.1 ± 13.8

93.1 ± 13.1

Weight at entry, kg, mean ± SD

94.2 ± 12.6

93.0 ± 12.0

94.9 ± 13.0

95.2 ± 13.8

93.8 ± 15.4

96.2 ± 12.3

94.8 ± 13.2

92.1 ± 10.8

97.0 ± 14.5

94.6 ± 12.8

94.1 ± 90.1

95.1 ± 12.5

Height, cm, mean ± SD

165.9 ± 6.7

165.7 ± 6.9

165.9 ± 6.6

166.0 ± 6.6

165.4 ± 7.3

166.4 ± 6.1

165.1 ± 6.6

163.9 ± 6.7

166.1 ± 6.4

165.6 ± 7.2

165.5 ± 6.7

165.7 ± 7.5

BMI at entry, kg/m², mean ± SD

34.2 ± 3.9

34.8 ± 2.8

34.5 ± 4.4

34.5 ± 4.0

34.2 ± 3.9

34.7 ± 4.0

34.7 ± 4.2

34.3 ± 3.5

35.1 ± 4.7

34.4 ± 3.8

34.3 ± 3.9

34.6 ± 3.7

Fasting glucose, mmol/l, mean ± SD

4.7 ± 0.4

4.7 ± 0.4

4.7 ± 0.3

4.6 ± 0.3

4.7 ± 0.3

4.5 ± 0.3

4.6 ± 0.4

4.7 ± 0.4

4.5 ± 0.4

4.6 ± 0.4

4.5 ± 0.4

4.6 ± 0.4

HOMA-IR, mean ± SD

1.0 ± 0.6

1.1 ± 0.5

1.0 ± 0.6

1.0 ± 0.4

0.9 ± 0.4

1.0 ± 0.4

0.9 ± 0.5

0.9 ± 0.5

0.9 ± 0.4

0.9 ± 0.4

0.9 ± 0.4

1.0 ± 0.4

Utility value, mean ± SD

0.86 ± 0.02

0.87 ± 0.03

0.85 ± 0.02

0.89 ± 0.01

0.90 ± 0.02

0.88 ± 0.02

0.86 ± 0.01

0.86 ± 0.02

0.87 ± 0.02

0.85 ± 0.02

0.84 ± 0.03

0.86 ± 0.02