Associations between local descriptive norms for overweight/obesity and insufficient fruit intake, individual-level diet, and 10-year change in body mass index and glycosylated haemoglobin in an Australian cohort

Carroll, Suzanne J.; Niyonsenga, Theo; Coffee, Neil T.; Taylor, Anne W.; Daniel, Mark

doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0675-3

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Table 3 Results of structural equation models with change in HbA_1c as outcome

From: Associations between local descriptive norms for overweight/obesity and insufficient fruit intake, individual-level diet, and 10-year change in body mass index and glycosylated haemoglobin in an Australian cohort

LDN: Overweight/obesity N = 1908	Unadjusted models			Adjusted models ^a
Fruit serves (log transformed)	Estimate	95% CI	P value	Estimate	95% CI	P value
ΔHbA_1c on LDN (overweight/obesity)	0.008	0.003 to 0.012	0.001	0.009	0.004 to 0.013	0.000
ΔHbA_1c on fruit intake_(log)	−0.004	− 0.010 to 0.002	0.241	− 0.004	− 0.012 to 0.003	0.259
Fruit intake_(log) on LDN (overweight/obesity)	− 0.025	− 0.047 to − 0.002	0.030	− 0.025	− 0.047 to − 0.002	0.030
Indirect effect *100	0.009	− 0.009 to 0.027	0.316	0.009	− 0.010 to 0.028	0.347
Total effect *100	0.795	0.352 to 1.238	0.000	0.881	0.423 to 1.340	0.000
Model fit	–	AIC 6485.203	BIC_adj 6518.479	–	AIC 6063.327	BIC_adj 6129.877
Vegetable serves (log transformed)
ΔHbA_1c on LDN (overweight/obesity)	0.008	0.003 to 0.012	0.001	0.009	0.004 to 0.013	0.000
ΔHbA_1c on vegetable intake_(log)	−0.003	− 0.010 to 0.005	0.456	− 0.001	− 0.009 to 0.007	0.727
Vegetable intake_(log) on LDN (overweight/obesity)	−0.012	−0.034 to 0.009	0.266	−0.012	− 0.034 to 0.009	0.262
Indirect effect *100	0.003	−0.007 to 0.014	0.525	0.002	−0.009 to 0.012	0.737
Total effect *100	0.793	0.346 to 1.239	0.001	0.873	0.414 to 1.332	0.000
Model fit	–	AIC 6595.252	BIC_adj 6628.527	–	AIC 6176.544	BIC_adj 6243.095
Sugary drink intake (0 v > 0)
ΔHbA_1c on LDN (overweight/obesity)	0.008	0.003 to 0.012	0.001	0.009	0.004 to 0.013	0.000
ΔHbA_1c on sugary drink intake	0.001	−0.006 to 0.008	0.731	−0.001	−0.008 to 0.006	0.857
Sugary drink intake on LDN (overweight/obesity)	0.028	0.004 to 0.052	0.025	0.028	0.004 to 0.053	0.023
Indirect effect *100	0.003	−0.015 to 0.021	0.725	−0.002	−0.022 to 0.019	0.860
Total effect *100	0.791	0.346 to 1.237	0.000	0.871	0.414 to 1.329	0.000
Model fit	–	AIC 7118.570	BIC_adj 7151.845	–	AIC 6715.416	BIC_adj 6781.966
LDN: Insufficient fruit intake N = 1966	Unadjusted models			Adjusted models ^a
Fruit serves (log transformed)	Estimate	95% CI	P value	Estimate	95% CI	P value
ΔHbA_1c on LDN (insufficient fruit intake)	0.006	0.002 to 0.011	0.005	0.007	0.002 to 0.011	0.005
ΔHbA_1c on fruit intake_(log)	−0.004	− 0.011 to 0.002	0.145	− 0.004	− 0.011 to 0.002	0.188
Fruit intake_(log)on LDN (insufficient fruit intake)	−0.029	− 0.052 to − 0.007	0.010	−0.030	− 0.052 to − 0.007	0.010
Indirect effect *100	0.013	−0.008 to 0.034	0.218	0.013	−0.009 to 0.035	0.246
Total effect *100	0.650	0.203 to 1.097	0.004	0.668	0.214 to 1.123	0.004
Model fit	–	AIC 6703.708	BIC_adj 6737.402	–	AIC 6258.888	BIC_adj 6326.276
Vegetable serves (log transformed)
ΔHbA_1c on LDN (insufficient fruit intake)	0.006	0.002 to 0.011	0.005	0.007	0.002 to 0.011	0.005
ΔHbA_1c on vegetable intake_(log)	−0.005	− 0.012 to 0.003	0.228	− 0.003	− 0.012 to 0.005	0.392
Vegetable intake_(log) on LDN (insufficient fruit intake)	−0.006	− 0.034 to 0.021	0.658	− 0.006	− 0.034 to 0.021	0.652
Indirect effect *100	0.003	−0.0110to 0.015	0.654	0.002	−0.008 to 0.012	0.659
Total effect *100	0.650	0.201 to 1.098	0.005	0.664	0.209 to 1.119	0.004
Model fit	–	AIC 6836.997	BIC_adj 6870.692	–	AIC 6395.732	BIC_adj 6463.120
Sugary drink intake (0 v > 0)
ΔHbA_1c on LDN (insufficient fruit intake)	0.006	0.002 to 0.0101	0.005	0.007	0.002 to 0.011	0.004
ΔHbA_1c on sugary drink intake	0.002	−0.004 to 0.009	0.473	0.001	−0.006 to 0.008	0.861
Sugary drink intake on LDN (insufficient fruit intake)	0.025	0.002 to 0.047	0.033	0.025	0.002 to 0.048	0.032
Indirect effect *100	0.006	−0.011 to 0.022	0.481	0.002	−0.016 to 0.019	0.860
Total effect *100	0.647	0.199 to 1.096	0.005	0.658	0.201 to 1.114	0.005
Model fit	–	AIC 7365.307	BIC_adj 7399.001	–	AIC 6940.353	BIC_adj 7007.741

Numbers in bold are all statistically significant with p values
^aAdjusted for area-level income and individual-level age, sex, employment status, education, marital status, and smoking status; Abbreviations: AIC Akaiki’s Information Criterion, BIC_adj sample size adjusted Bayesian Information Criterion, CI confidence interval, HbA_1c glycosylated haemoglobin, LDN local descriptive norm

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ISSN: 1479-5868

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