Associations between local descriptive norms for overweight/obesity and insufficient fruit intake, individual-level diet, and 10-year change in body mass index and glycosylated haemoglobin in an Australian cohort

Carroll, Suzanne J.; Niyonsenga, Theo; Coffee, Neil T.; Taylor, Anne W.; Daniel, Mark

doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0675-3

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Table 4 Results of structural equation models with change in BMI as outcome

From: Associations between local descriptive norms for overweight/obesity and insufficient fruit intake, individual-level diet, and 10-year change in body mass index and glycosylated haemoglobin in an Australian cohort

LDN: Overweight/obesity N = 1630	Unadjusted models			Adjusted models ^a
Fruit serves (log transformed)	Estimate	95% CI	P value	Estimate	95% CI	P value
ΔBMI on LDN (overweight/obesity)	0.029	0.014 to 0.045	0.000	0.020	0.004 to 0.036	0.012
ΔBMI on fruit intake_(log)	−0.077	− 0.125 to − 0.029	0.002	−0.029	− 0.074 to 0.015	0.198
Fruit intake_(log)on LDN (overweight/obesity)	−0.017	−0.039 to 0.005	0.125	−0.018	− 0.040 to 0.004	0.114
Indirect effect *100	0.134	−0.043 to 0.311	0.139	0.052	−0.070 to 0.145	0.274
Total effect *100	3.060	1.507 to 4.613	0.000	2.060	0.503 to 3.616	0.010
Model fit	–	AIC 19,825.589	BIC_adj 19,856.662	–	AIC 19,569.671	BIC adj 19,631.817
Vegetable serves (log transformed)
ΔBMI on LDN (overweight/obesity)	0.030	0.015 to 0.046	0.000	0.020	0.004 to 0.036	0.012
ΔBMI on vegetable intake_(log)	−0.054	−0.098 to − 0.009	0.017	−0.023	−0.064 to 0.019	0.290
Vegetable intake_(log)on LDN (overweight/obesity)	−0.004	−0.025 to 0.018	0.734	−0.004	− 0.026 to 0.017	0.714
Indirect effect *100	0.020	−0.093 to 0.134	0.728	0.009	−0.039 to 0.057	0.710
Total effect *100	3.058	1.500 to 4.617	0.000	2.019	0.436 to 3.601	0.012
Model fit	–	AIC 19,820.205	BIC_adj 19,851.278	–	AIC 19,557.197	BIC adj 19,619.343
Sugary Drink Intake (0 v > 0)
ΔBMI on LDN (overweight/obesity)	0.028	0.012 to 0.043	0.000	0.019	0.004 to 0.034	0.015
ΔBMI on sugary drink intake	0.088	0.055 to 0.122	0.000	0.044	0.011 to 0.077	0.009
Sugary drink intake on LDN (overweight/obesity)	0.030	0.003 to 0.057	0.030	0.030	0.003 to 0.058	0.028
Indirect effect *100	0.266	−0.011 to 0.544	0.060	0.134	−0.035 to 0.303	0.119
Total effect *100	3.054	1.503 to 4.604	0.000	2.054	0.486 to 3.622	0.010
Model fit	–	AIC 20,356.077	BIC_adj 20,387.150	–	AIC 20,105.682	BIC adj 20,167.828
LDN: Insufficient fruit intake N = 1673	Unadjusted models			Adjusted models ^a
Fruit serves (log transformed)	Estimate	95% CI	P value	Estimate	95% CI	P value
ΔBMI on LDN (insufficient fruit intake)	0.010	− 0.003 to 0.023	0.118	0.001	−0.009 to 0.017	0.546
ΔBMI on Fruit intake_(log)	−0.080	−0.127 to − 0.033	0.001	−0.032	− 0.076 to 0.013	0.161
Fruit intake_(log) on LDN (insufficient fruit intake)	−0.026	−0.048 to − 0.005	0.015	−0.027	− 0.048 to − 0.006	0.012
Indirect effect *100	0.213	0.024 to 0.401	0.027	0.086	−0.039 to 0.212	0.178
Total effect *100	1.236	−0.084 to 2.556	0.066	0.485	−0.826 to 1.796	0.469
Model fit	–	AIC 20,345.591	BIC_adj 20,377.028	–	AIC 20,083.362	BIC adj 20,146.237
Vegetable serves (log transformed)
ΔBMI on LDN (insufficient fruit intake)	0.012	−0.001 to 0.026	0.079	0.005	−0.009 to 0.018	0.502
ΔBMI on vegetable intake_(log)	−0.059	−0.098 to − 0.013	0.007	−0.026	− 0.066 to 0.015	0.216
Vegetable intake_(log)on LDN (insufficient fruit intake)	−0.005	−0.028 to 0.020	0.693	−0.006	− 0.030 to 0.019	0.662
Indirect effect *100	0.029	−0.111 to 0.153	0.767	0.014	−0.048 to 0.077	0.910
Total effect *100	1.242	−0.039 to 2.623	0.067	0.468	−0.846 to 1.783	0.485
Model fit	–	AIC 20,352.891	BIC_adj 20,384.328	–	AIC 20,084.015	BIC adj 20,146.889
Sugary Drink Intake (0 v > 0)
ΔBMI on LDN (insufficient fruit intake)	0.011	−0.002 to 0.024	0.098	0.004	−0.009 to 0.017	0.503
ΔBMI on sugary drink intake	0.087	0.054 to 0.121	0.000	0.041	0.008 to 0.075	0.016
Sugary drink intake on LDN (insufficient fruit intake)	0.017	−0.007 to 0.041	0.157	0.018	−0.006 to 0.042	0.141
Indirect effect *100	0.150	−0.065 to 0.365	0.172	0.074	−0.424 to 0.191	0.211
Total effect *100	1.270	−0.054 to 2.594	0.060	0.517	−0.790 to 1.823	0.438
Model fit	–	AIC 20,903.070	BIC_adj 20,934.507	–	AIC 20,644.999	BIC adj 20,707.873

Numbers in bold are all statistically significant with p values
^aAdjusted area-level income and individual-level age, sex, employment status, education, marital status, and smoking status; Abbreviations: AIC Akaiki’s Information Criterion, BIC_adj sample size adjusted Bayesian Information Criterion, BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, LDN local descriptive norm

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ISSN: 1479-5868

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