Table 7 Summary of the findings from studies that assessed chronic diseases and conditions

Boeke et al. [46]

Women (n = 75,669) from the Nurses’ Health Study II, USA; prospective cohort

LPA, MPA, VPA – self-report; sleep, SB – not assessed

Breast cancer

Mekary et al. [12] / not presented

Age, height, age at menarche, oral contraceptive history, reproductive history, alcohol intake, body size at ages 10 and 20 years, weight, new pregnancies, breastfeeding duration, oral contraceptive and postmenopausal hormone use, menopausal status, age at menopause, and benign breast disease diagnosis.

No individual values were reported.

Ekblom-Bak et al. [51]

Adults (n = 836) from the Swedish Cardio Pulmonary bioImage Study, Sweden; cross-sectional

SB, LPA, MPA, VPA – waist-worn accelerometers; sleep – not assessed

Metabolic syndrome prevalence

Mekary et al. [12] / 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min

Age, sex, education level, smoking habits, perceived psychological stress, energy intake and wear time.

OR (95% CI)

10-min reallocation

Metabolic syndrome

SB → LPA: 0.96 (0.93, 0.98)

SB → MPA: 0.89 (0.82, 0.97)

SB → VPA: 0.42 (0.26, 0.67)

Reallocating 1 to 120 min from SB to LPA or MPA was associated with a decrease in metabolic syndrome prevalence.

Reallocating 1 to 60 min from SB to VPA was associated with a decrease in metabolic syndrome prevalence.

Pinto et al. [30]

Adults with an increased risk for developing knee osteoarthritis (n = 1794) from the sub-cohort of the Osteoarthritis Initiative, USA; prospective cohort

SB, LPA, MVPA – waist-worn accelerometers; sleep – not assessed

Quality-adjusted life year

Mekary et al. [12] / 60 min

Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, marriage status, income and BMI.

Reallocating 60 min from SB to MVPA was associated with an improvement in the quality-adjusted life year. Reallocating 60 min from SB to LPA did not result in any significant changes.

Rosique-Esteban et al. [32]

Adults (n = 5776) from the PREDIMED-PLUS trial, Spain; prospective cohort

Sleep, SB, LPA, MVPA – self report

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes

Mekary et al. [12] / 60 min

Age, sex, education, marital and employment status, smoking habits, personal and family history of illness, medical conditions, medication use, and adherence to an energy-restricted Mediterranean diet.

RR (95% CI)

Type 2 diabetes

MVPA → sleep: 0.95 (0.89, 1.01)

MVPA → TV-viewing: 0.91 (0.86, 0.96)

MVPA → LPA: 0.92 (0.85, 0.99)

LPA → sleep: 1.03 (0.96, 1.10)

LPA → TV-viewing: 1.00 (0.93, 1.07)

Sleep → TV-viewing: 0.96 (0.93, 0.99)

Ryan et al. [33]

Adults (n = 2313) from the 2008 Health Survey for England, UK; prospective cohort

SB, LPA, MVPA – waist-worn accelerometers; sleep – not assessed

Chronic musculoskeletal pain

Mekary et al. [12] / 10, 30 min

Age, sex, BMI, socioeconomic status, diet, smoking history, alcohol intake, anxiety/depression, and presence of a non-musculoskeletal long-standing illness.

PR (95% CI)

SB → LPA: 1.01 (0.99, 1.02)

SB → MVPA: 0.90 (0.82, 0.98)

In the secondary analysis reallocating 30 min of SB to MVPA resulted in relative risk reduction of 29%.

Wellburn et al. [75]

Adults (n = 1327) from the 2008 Health Survey for England, UK; prospective cohort

SB, LPA, MVPA – waist-worn accelerometers; sleep – not assessed

Prevalence of cardiovascular disease

Mekary et al. [12] / 10, 20 min

Age, sex, smoking status, socioeconomic status, diet, alcohol intake, anxiety/depression, musculoskeletal medication. Model 1 was adjusted for age alone, model 2 for age and sex and model 3 for all covariates.

RR (95% CI)

10 min

Model 1

SB → LPA: 0.97 (0.95, 0.98)

SB → MVPA: 0.89 (0.82, 0.96)

Model 2

SB → LPA: 0.97 (0.96, 0.99)

SB → MVPA: 0.87 (0.81, 0.94)

Model 3

SB → LPA: 0.97 (0.96, 0.99)

SB → MVPA: 0.88 (0.81, 0.96)

20 min

SB → LPA: 0.95 (0.92, 0.98)