From: Priming food intake with weight control cues: systematic review with a meta-analysis
Moderator variables | Subgroup level | p for between subgroup heterogeneity | Effect size (Hedges’ g) (95% CI)i |
---|---|---|---|
Subgroups | |||
WC goals | Weak WC goals (n = 13) | 0.351 | −0.071 (− 0.329, 0.187) |
Strong WC goals (n = 13) | −0.248 (− 0.517, 0.020) | ||
WC goals (removing negative affectii) | Weak WC goals (n = 10) | 0.020 | 0.014 (−0.249, 0.278) |
Strong WC goals (n = 10) | −0.440 (− 0.718, − 0.163)** | ||
Sex | Females (n = 5) | 0.056 | −0.305 (− 0.574, − 0.036)* |
Males (n = 5) | 0.057 (− 0.200, 0.314) | ||
Categorical moderators | |||
Cue type | Exercise (n = 6) | 0.309 | 0.018 (−0.268, 0.303) |
Low kcal foods (n = 6) | −0.302 (− 0.560, − 0.044)* | ||
Mixed (n = 5) | −0.098 (− 0.403, 0.206) | ||
Thin models (n = 9) | −0.249 (− 0.476, − 0.022)* | ||
Thin models – negative (n = 4) | 0.105 (−0.238, 0.448) | ||
TV show (n = 1) | −0.339 (− 0.968, 0.290) | ||
Cue engagement | Attended (n = 23) | 0.616 | −0.169 (− 0.316, − 0.023)* |
Incidental (n = 5) | −0.160 (− 0.444, 0.124) | ||
Subliminal (n = 3) | 0.061 (−0.375, 0.498) | ||
Cue validated | Not validated (n = 21) | 0.213 | −0.098 (− 0.242, 0.046) |
Validated (n = 10) | −0.263 (− 0.478, − 0.047)* | ||
Sample type | General community (n = 3) | 0.363 | −0.263 (− 0.616, 0.090) |
Mixed (n = 5) | −0.295 (− 0.579, − 0.010)* | ||
Students (n = 23) | −0.091 (− 0.236, 0.055) | ||
Sex | Females (n = 13) | 0.884 | −0.137 (− 0.333, 0.059) |
Mixed (n = 18) | −0.156 (− 0.316, 0.004) | ||
Cue-food intake intervaliii | During/immediately (n = 16) | 0.091 | −0.188 (− 0.347, − 0.030)* |
After tasks (n = 9) | −0.284 (− 0.496, − 0.072)** | ||
After negative tasks (n = 4) | 0.107 (− 0.216, 0.431) | ||
Counterbalanced (n = 1) | 0.417 (−0.173, 1.006) | ||
Varied (n = 1) | −0.008 (− 0.545, 0.528) | ||
Snack type | Not reported (n = 1) | 0.132 | −0.106 (− 0.894, 0.681) |
Savoury (n = 8) | −0.316 (− 0.549, − 0.083)** | ||
Sweet (n = 11) | 0.023 (−0.167, 0.213) | ||
Sweet and savoury (n = 11) | −0.221 (− 0.426, − 0.017)* | ||
Outcome | Energy intake (n = 11) | 0.849 | −0.167 (− 0.380, 0.046) |
Grams (n = 12) | −0.136 (− 0.338, 0.067) | ||
Grams z-scores (n = 1) | −0.258 (− 0.984, 0.467) | ||
Ounces (n = 2) | 0.108 (−0.390, 0.606) | ||
Piece count (n = 5) | −0.227 (− 0.554, 0.101) | ||
Controlled appetiteiv | No control (n = 15) | 0.016 | −0.008 (− 0.169, 0.154) |
Controlled for (n = 16) | −0.289 (− 0.451, − 0.128)*** | ||
Theoretical approachv | Body image (n = 9) | 0.427 | − 0.125 (− 0.350, 0.099) |
Goal priming (n = 19) | −0.231 (− 0.367, − 0.096)** |