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Table 2 Associations of quartiles of fast-food outlet proportion with body mass index (estimated using a multivariable linear regression model, n = 51,361), obesity (estimated using a binomial logistic regression model n = 51,361), and frequent consumption of processed meat (estimated using a binomial logistic regression model, n = 51,090) in the Greater London UK Biobank sample

From: Examining the interaction of fast-food outlet exposure and income on diet and obesity: evidence from 51,361 UK Biobank participants

  

Model 1a

 

Model 2b

 

Model 3c

 

Model 4d

 
 

Quartilee

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

Difference in BMI (kg/m2)

Q1 (0.0–12.7%)

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 
 

Q2 (12.7–16.9%)

0.53**

0.41, 0.65

0.48**

0.36, 0.59

0.37**

0.25, 0.49

0.35**

0.23, 0.47

 

Q3 (16.9–23.7%)

1.21**

1.09, 1.33

1.04**

0.93, 1.16

0.83**

0.70, 0.95

0.80**

0.67, 0.93

 

Q4 (23.7–44.6%)

1.54**

1.42, 1.66

1.30**

1.18; 1.42

1.03**

0.89; 1.17

0.99**

0.85, 1.14

  

Model 1a

 

Model 2b

 

Model 3c

 

Model 4d

 
  

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Odds of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)

Q1 (0.0–12.7%)

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 
 

Q2 (12.7–16.9%)

1.28**

1.20, 1.36

1.26**

1.18, 1.34

1.20**

1.12, 1.28

1.19**

1.11, 1.27

 

Q3 (16.9–23.7%)

1.65**

1.55, 1.76

1.57**

1.48, 1.67

1.43**

1.34, 1.53

1.42**

1.32, 1.52

 

Q4 (23.7–44.6%)

1.84**

1.73, 1.96

1.70**

1.60, 1.81

1.53**

1.43, 1.65

1.51**

1.40, 1.64

  

Model 1a

 

Model 2f

 

Model 3c

 

Model 4d

 
  

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Odds of frequent consumption of processed meatg (> once per week)

Q1 (0.0–12.7%)

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

Q2 (12.7–16.9%)

1.10*

1.04, 1.16

1.15**

1.08, 1.22

1.10*

1.04, 1.17

1.10*

1.03, 1.16

Q3 (16.9–23.7%)

1.18**

1.12, 1.25

1.29**

1.22, 1.36

1.19**

1.12, 1.27

1.18**

1.11, 1.26

Q4 (23.7–44.6%)

1.29**

1.22, 1.37

1.45**

1.36, 1.53

1.30**

1.22, 1.39

1.28**

1.19, 1.38

  1. *p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001 | a Model 1 is an unadjusted model | b Model 2 adjusts for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status | c Model 3 additionally adjusts for household income, number in household, highest educational attainment and UK Biobank assessment centre attended | d Model 4 additionally adjusts for sum of counts of Supermarkets, Restaurants, Convenience stores, Cafes and Specialist Stores within 1 mile Euclidean (straight line) radius buffers of home address | e Q1 = quartile with lowest fast-food outlet proportion in home neighbourhood (min-max %) – Q4 = quartile with greatest fast-food outlet proportion in home neighbourhood (min-max %) | f Model 2 adjusts for age, sex, ethnicity | g Includes bacon, ham, sausages, meat pies, kebabs, burgers, chicken nuggets