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Table 3 Associations of household income with body mass index (estimated using a multivariable linear regression model, n = 51,361), obesity (estimated using a binomial logistic regression model, n = 51,361), and frequent consumption of processed meat (estimated using a binomial logistic regression model, n = 51,090) in the Greater London UK Biobank sample

From: Examining the interaction of fast-food outlet exposure and income on diet and obesity: evidence from 51,361 UK Biobank participants

 

Household Income (£/year)

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 3c

Model 4d

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

Difference in BMI (kg/m2)

>  100,000

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 
 

52,000–100,000

0.71**

0.55, 0.87

0.60**

0.45, 0.76

0.44**

0.29, 0.60

0.33**

0.17, 0.48

 

31,000–51,999

1.17**

1.01, 1.33

0.95**

0.80, 1.11

0.67**

0.51, 0.83

0.51**

0.35, 0.67

 

<  31,000

1.73**

1.58, 1.88

1.36**

1.21, 1.51

0.85**

0.69, 1.01

0.68**

0.52, 0.84

  

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 3c

Model 4d

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Odds of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)

>  100,000

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 
 

52,000–100,000

1.42**

1.29, 1.56

1.37**

1.24, 1.50

1.29**

1.17, 1.41

1.22**

1.11, 1.34

 

31,000–51,999

1.70**

1.55, 1.86

1.57**

1.43, 1.72

1.41**

1.28, 1.54

1.32**

1.20, 1.45

 

<  31,000

2.29**

2.10, 2.49

2.02**

1.84, 2.20

1.66**

1.51, 1.82

1.54**

1.41, 1.69

  

Model 1a

Model 2e

Model 3c

Model 4d

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Odds of frequent consumption of processed meatf (> once per week)

>  100,000

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

52,000–100,000

1.08*

1.00, 1.16

1.17**

1.09, 1.27

1.13*

1.05, 1.22

1.10*

1.02, 1.19

31,000–51,999

1.01

0.94, 1.09

1.24**

1.15, 1.34

1.19**

1.10, 1.29

1.14*

1.06, 1.24

<  31,000

1.01

0.94, 1.08

1.38**

1.28, 1.49

1.30**

1.20, 1.41

1.25**

1.15, 1.35

  1. Measure of interaction (fast-food exposure*household income with difference in BMI) on a multiplicative scale based on an F-test, P = 0.230 | *p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001 | a Model 1 adjusts for number in household | b Model 2 additionally adjusts for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status | c Model 3 additionally adjusts for highest educational attainment and UK Biobank assessment centre attended | d Model 4 additionally adjusts for fast-food outlet proportion and the sum of counts of Supermarkets, Restaurants, Convenience stores, Cafes and Specialist Stores within 1 mile Euclidean (straight line) radius buffers of home address | e Model 2 adjusts for age, sex, ethnicity | f Includes bacon, ham, sausages, meat pies, kebabs, burgers, chicken nuggets