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Table 5 Additive interaction between quartiles of fast-food outlet proportion and household income on the odds of frequent processed meat consumptiona (more than once per week), modelled using a binomial logistic regression model in the Greater London UK Biobank sample, UK (n = 51,090)

From: Examining the interaction of fast-food outlet exposure and income on diet and obesity: evidence from 51,361 UK Biobank participants

 

Quartiles of fast-food outlet proportionb

Fast-food outlet exposure (Q4) within household income strata

Q1 (0–13%)

Q2 (13–17%)

Q3 (17–24%)

Q4 (24–45%)

Household Income (£/year)

More than once/once or less (n)

OR (95% CI)

More than once/once or less (n)

OR (95% CI)

More than once/once or less (n)

OR (95% CI)

More than once/once or less (n)

OR (95% CI)

>  100,000

653/1756

ref c

401/1103

0.95 (0.82, 1.10);

P = 0.495d

253/623

1.06 (0.89, 1.27);

P = 0.502d

177/414

1.11 (0.90, 1.37);

P = 0.335d

1.19 (0.93, 1.54)

P = 0.158e

52,000–100,000

782/2274

0.98 (0.86, 1.11);

P = 0.742d

860/2172

1.13 (1.00, 1.29);

P = 0.047d

788/1769

1.22 (1.07, 1.39);

P = 0.003d

790/1622

1.34 (1.17, 1.54);

P < 0.001d

1.39 (1.20, 1.62)

P < 0.001e

31,000–51,999

593/1798

1.06 (0.92, 1.21);

P = 0.418d

695/1960

1.12 (0.99, 1.28);

P = 0.079d

785/1963

1.25 (1.10, 1.42);

P = 0.001d

902/1975

1.41 (1.24, 1.61);

P < 0.001d

1.31 (1.12, 1.54)

P = 0.001e

<  31,000

842/2526

1.17 (1.03, 1.33);

P = 0.015d

1036/2799

1.29 (1.14, 1.46);

P < 0.001d

1277/3253

1.38 (1.22, 1.55);

P < 0.001d

1423/3350

1.46 (1.29, 1.65);

P < 0.001d

1.29 (1.13, 1.46)

P < 0.001e

Household income (< £31,000/year) within takeaway exposure strata

1.11 (0.97, 1.28)

P = 0.117f

 

1.27 (1.09, 1.48)

P = 0.002f

 

1.30 (1.09, 1.56)

P = 0.003f

 

1.45 (1.18, 1.78)

P < 0.001f

 
  1. Measure of interaction (fast-food exposure*household income with odds of processed meat consumption) on a multiplicative scale based on a likelihood ratio test, P = 0.725 | Measure of interaction on an additive scale for Q4 fast-food exposure and household income < £31,000 (RERI) = 0.18. RERI scores > 0 suggest positive interaction and departure from additivity | ORs are adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity smoking status, number in household, highest education attainment, UK Biobank assessment centre attended, and the sum of counts of Supermarkets, Restaurants, Convenience stores, Cafes and Specialist Stores within 1 mile Euclidean (straight line) radius buffers of home address | a Includes bacon, ham, sausages, meat pies, kebabs, burgers, chicken nuggets | b Q1 = quartile with lowest fast-food outlet proportion in home neighbourhood (min – max %) – Q4 = quartile with greatest fast-food outlet proportion in home neighbourhood (% range) | c Single reference group; those exposed to the highest proportion of fast-food outlets and with the highest household income | d ORs and p values relative to single reference group (ref) | e ORs and P values relative to those who were least exposed to fast-food outlets within strata of household income | f ORs and P values relative to those with the highest household incomes within strata of fast-food outlet exposure