Table 4 Effect of RP intervention on maternal pressure, restriction, and structure in feeding
From: INSIGHT responsive parenting intervention and infant feeding practices: randomized clinical trial
|  | RP (n = 140) | Control (n = 139) | p-valuea | Odds ratio (CI) or Cohen’s D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Pressuring feeding | ||||
 Child is encouraged to finish a bottle if baby stops drinking before the milk is all gone (≥sometimes, denominator = current bottle users) | ||||
  8 weeks | 38/114 (33.3%) | 56/108 (51.4%) | 0.007 | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) |
  20 weeks | 41/117 (35.0%) | 53/105 (50.5%) | 0.02 | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) |
  32 weeks | 36/109 (33.0%) | 65/106 (61.3%) | < 0.0001 | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) |
 Try to get my child to finish breastmilk or formula (denominator = all available) | ||||
 16 weeks | ||||
  Never | 48/132 (36.4%) | 39/131 (29.8%) | 0.06 | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) |
  Rarely | 43/132 (32.6%) | 41/131 (31.3%) | ||
  Half of the time | 23/132 (17.4%) | 21/131 (16.0%) | ||
  Most of the time | 16/132 (12.1%) | 22/131 (16.8%) | ||
  Always | 2/132 (1.5%) | 8/131 (6.1%) | ||
 28 weeks | ||||
  Never | 46/128 (35.9%) | 22/125 (17.6%) | < 0.0001 | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) |
  Rarely | 54/128 (42.2%) | 47/125 (37.6%) | ||
  Half of the time | 11/128 (8.6%) | 26/125 (20.8%) | ||
  Most of the time | 14/128 (10.9%) | 18/125 (14.4%) | ||
  Always | 3/128 (2.3%) | 12/125 (9.6%) | ||
Try to get my child to finish his/her food (denominator = all available) | ||||
 28 weeks | ||||
  Never | 42/128 (32.8%) | 16/119 (13.5%) | 0.0001 | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) |
  Rarely | 43/128 (33.6%) | 43/119 (36.1%) | ||
  Half of the time | 23/128 (18.0%) | 24/119 (20.2%) | ||
  Most of the time | 17/128 (13.3%) | 27/119 (22.7%) | ||
  Always | 3/128 (2.3%) | 9/119 (7.6%) | ||
Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire (IFSQ) – 28 weeks | ||||
 Pressure to finish | 1.85 (0.61), n = 130 | 2.24 (0.74), n = 128 | < 0.0001 | 0.58 |
 Pressure to soothe | 1.71 (0.62), n = 130 | 2.23 (0.82), n = 128 | < 0.0001 | 0.72 |
 Pressure with cereal | 1.39 (0.65), n = 130 | 1.73 (0.90), n = 128 | 0.0003 | 0.43 |
 Restrictive/amount | 2.84 (1.05), n = 130 | 2.93 (1.03), n = 128 | 0.48 | 0.09 |
 Restrictive/diet quality | 3.93 (0.69), n = 130 | 3.87 (0.77), n = 128 | 0.51 | 0.08 |
 Responsive/satiety | 4.62 (0.41), n = 130 | 4.56 (0.48), n = 127 | 0.29 | 0.13 |
Structure and Control in Parenting Feeding (SCPF) – 52 weeks | ||||
 Limit exposure | 4.13 (0.40), n = 120 | 4.01 (0.47), n = 123 | 0.03 | 0.27 |
 Consistent feeding routines | 4.18 (0.48), n = 120 | 4.00 (0.49), n = 123 | 0.006 | 0.37 |
 Pressure to eat | 1.78 (0.62), n = 120 | 1.99 (0.68), n = 123 | 0.01 | 0.32 |
 Restriction | 2.12 (0.88), n = 120 | 2.03 (0.85), n = 123 | 0.42 | 0.10 |