Table 1 Characteristic of included studies
Author | Country | Type of patients | Study period (months) | Interventions | Sample | Mean age (years) | Exercise prescription |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N/F/M | |||||||
Kwon 2010 | Korea | NA | 3 | unsupervised RE | 13/−/− | 55.7 ± 6.2 | 40–50% 1RM; each session 40 min |
no exercise | 15/−/− | 57.0 ± 8.0 | NA | ||||
Okada 2010 | Japan | NA | 3 | combined | 21/11/10 | 61.9 ± 8.6 | 3–5 times weekly; each session 60 min |
no exercise | 17/6/11 | 64.5 ± 5.9 | NA | ||||
Aylin 2009 | Turkey | NA | 2 | combined | 18/3/15 | 51.39 ± 2.02 | RT: 50% 1RM; each session 30 min; AT: walking with moderate intensity |
no exercise | 18/6/12 | 56.06 ± 1.48 | NA | ||||
Kenneth 2013 | Switzerland | Sedentary | 3 | supervised AE | 20/−/− | 68.5 ± 0.9 | moderate to vigorous intensity; 3 times weekly; each session 60 min. |
anaerobic | 20/−/− | 70 ± 0.8 | minimal aerobic component; nonstrenuous strength training | ||||
Larose 2011 | Canada | Sedentary | 6 | combined | 64/24/40 | 53.5 ± 7.3 | NA |
supervised AE | 60/21/39 | 53.9 ± 6.6 | 60% VO2peak; 75% heart rate; 3 times weekly | ||||
supervised RE | 64/24/40 | 54.7 ± 7.5 | 2–3 times weekly; each exercise 2–3 sets | ||||
no exercise | 63/22/41 | 54.8 ± 7.2 | full aerobic training programme plus the full resistance training | ||||
Stolinskia 2008 | UK | NA | 6 | supervised AE | 8/4/4 | 59 ± 3 | 60–85%VO2peak; 4 times weekly; supervised by trainer |
unsupervised AE | 9/4/5 | 55 ± 3 | 60–85%VO2peak; 4 times weekly Only contact trainers initially | ||||
Arslan 2014 | Turkey | NA | 3 | supervised AE | 31/14/17 | 53.5 ± 6.5 | 75% maximum heart rate; each session 45 min |
no exercise | 33/19/14 | 54.0 ± 9.4 | NA | ||||
Yavari 2010 | Iran | NA | 4 | unsupervised AE | 30/14/16 | 49.76 ± 6.56 | 60–85%VO2peak; 50% maximum heart rate;each session 4 min |
no exercise | 30/18/12 | 49.86 ± 6.39 | NA | ||||
Shenoy 2010 | India | NA | 2 | unsupervised AE | 20/5/15 | 53.15 ± 4.4 | moderate intensity; 50–70% maximum heart rate; 150 min weekly |
no exercise | 20/6/14 | 51 ± 5.4 | NA | ||||
KU 2010 | Korea | NA | 3 | supervised RE | 13/13/0 | 55.7 ± 6.2 | 40–45% maximum capacity; 5 times weekly; |
supervised AE | 15/15/0 | 55.7 ± 6.2 | Moderate intensity; 5 times weekly; | ||||
no exercise | 16/16/0 | 57.8 ± 8.1 | NA | ||||
Belli 2011 | Brazil | Sedentary | 3 | supervised AE | 9/9/0 | 55.9 ± 2.2 | Time of walking increase from 20 min to 50 min |
no exercise | 10/10/0 | 53.4 ± 2.3 | NA | ||||
Dunstan 1998 | Australia | Sedentary | 2 | supervised RE | 11/3/8 | 50.3 ± 2.0 | 50–55% 1RM; each session 60 min; |
no exercise | 10/5/5 | 51.1 ± 2.2 | NA | ||||
Reid 2010 | Canada | NA | 6 | combined | 57/19/38 | 53.3 ± 7.2 | full aerobic program plus the full resistance program |
supervised RE | 58/20/38 | 54.7 ± 7.6 | 8 different exercises on weight machines each session; 3 times weekly | ||||
supervised AE | 51/18/33 | 53.8 ± 6.4 | 60–75% maximum heart rate; 3 times weekly | ||||
no exercise | 52/19/33 | 55.2 ± 6.9 | NA | ||||
Sigal 2007 | Canada | NA | 6 | combined | 64/24/40 | 53.5 ± 7.3 | full aerobic program plus the full resistance program |
supervised RE | 60/21/30 | 53.9 ± 6.6 | 7 different exercises on weight machines each session | ||||
supervised AE | 64/24/40 | 54.7 ± 7.5 | 60–75% maximum heart rate; 3 times weekly | ||||
no exercise | 63/22/41 | 54.8 ± 7.2 | NA | ||||
Choi 2012 | Korea | Sedentary | 3 | no exercise | 37/−/− | 55.0 ± 6.0 | NA |
unsupervised AE | 38/−/− | 53.8 ± 7.2 | Moderate intensity; each session 60 min; 5 times weekly | ||||
Arora 2007 | India | NA | 2 | no exercise | 10/4/6 | 58.4 ± 1.8 | NA |
supervised RE | 10/6/4 | 49.6 ± 5.2 | 60% 1RM; 3 sets of 10 repetitions of 7 exercise each session; | ||||
unsupervised AE | 10/4/6 | 52.2 ± 9.3 | 2 times weekly; each session 30 min | ||||
Oliveira 2012 | Brazi | NA | 3 | flexibility training | 12/8/4 | 53.42 ± 9.82 | perform stretching exercises |
supervised AE | 11/6/5 | 52.09 ± 8.71 | Cycling time increase from 20 min to 50 min | ||||
supervised RE | 10/6/4 | 54.10 ± 8.94 | 50% 1RM; 4 sets of 8 to 12 repetitions of 7 exercise | ||||
combined | 10/6/4 | 57.90 ± 9.82 | same intensity and half the volume of that in the AT and ST groups | ||||
Jennings 2009 | Canada | Sedentary | 6 | combined | 19/6/13 | 54.48 ± 7.68 | 3 times weekly |
supervised RE | 18/7/11 | 52.84 ± 7.54 | 3 times weekly | ||||
supervised AE | 13/7/6 | 55.35 ± 7.49 | 3 times weekly | ||||
no exercise | 22/11/11 | 56.33 ± 6.91 | NA | ||||
Cauza 2005 | Australia | NA | 4 | unsupervised RE | 22/11/11 | 56.4 ± 1.1 | 3 sets per muscle group per week; 3 times weekly |
unsupervised AE | 17/8/9 | 57.9 ± 1.4 | 60% VO2max; 3 times weekly | ||||
Franciele 2013 | USA | NA | 7 days | unsupervised AE | 7/2/5 | 56 ± 2 | 70% peak heart rate; each session 40 min |
combined | 7/2/5 | 20Â min AT at 70% peak heart rate and 4 RT 3 sets of 12 repetitions at 65% 1RM | |||||
Cheung 2009 | Australia | Sedentary | 4 | unsupervised RE | 20/13/7 | 59 ± 8.7 | 5 times weekly; each session 30 min |
no exercise | 17/12/5 | 62 ± 6.7 | NA | ||||
Whye 2011 | Singapore | Sedentary | 2 | unsupervised RE | 30/19/11 | 57 ± 7 | 65% maximum heart rate; 9 resistive exercises 3 sets of 10 repetitions |
unsupervised AE | 30/22/8 | 59 ± 7 | 50 min AT exercise; 65% maximum heart rate | ||||
Morton 2012 | UK | NA | 1.65 | supervised AE | 27/6/21 | 61 ± 10 | Walking in duration from 25 to 55 min. |
no exercise | 27/6/21 | 63 ± 9 | NA | ||||
Dede 2014 | Turkey | Sedentary | 3 | supervised AE | 30/15/15 | 52.5 ± 7.5 | 60–75% maximum heart rate |
no exercise | 30/16/14 | 55.5 ± 8.4 | NA | ||||
BACCHI 2012 | Italy | NA | 4 | supervised AE | 20/6/14 | 57.2 ± 1.6 | 60–65% maximum heart rate |
supervised RE | 20/6/14 | 55.6 ± 1.7 | 30–50%1 RM; three series of 10 repetitions | ||||
Ng 2010 | Singapore | Sedentary | 2 | supervised AE | 30/11/19 | 57 ± 7 | NA |
supervised RE | 30/8/22 | 59 ± 7 | 65% 1RM; | ||||
Sparks 2013 | Netherlands | Sedentary | 9 | flexibility training | 10/8/2 | 60.8 ± 8.0 | 65% maximum heart rate |
supervised AE | 12/6/6 | 54.2 ± 6.0 | 50–80% VO2 peak; | ||||
supervised RE | 18/9/9 | 60.4 ± 7.3 | Each session 45–50 min; each set consisted of 10 to 12 repetitions | ||||
combined | 12/6/6 | 54.1 ± 6.2 | NA | ||||
Gavin 2010 | Canada | Sedentary | 6 | no exercise | 63/22/41 | 54.8 ± 7.2 | NA |
supervised AE | 60/21/39 | 53.9 ± 6.6 | 65% maximum heart rate; 50% of VO2peak | ||||
supervised RE | 64/24/40 | 54.7 ± 7.5 | 2 to 3 times weekly; maximum of 8 repetitions | ||||
combined | 64/24/40 | 53.5 ± 7.3 | full Aerobic program plus the full Resistance program | ||||
Madden 2009 | Canada | NA | 3 | supervised AE | 18/−/− | 71.7 ± 1.1 | Each session 60 min; 60–75% maximum heart rate |
An-AE | 18/−/− | 71.1 ± 0.9 | 3 times weekly; no aerobic component and consisted of nonaerobic core and dumbbells exercises | ||||
Madden 2011 | Canada | Sedentary | 3 | supervised AE | 21/15/25 | 71.9 ± 1.1 | 3 times weekly; each session 60 min |
An-AE | 71.3 ± 0.9 | 3 times weekly; no aerobic component and consisted of nonaerobic core and dumbbells exercises | |||||
William 2011 | New Zealand | NA | 4 | supervised RE | 9/6/3 | 48 ± 6 | two to three sets of eight major exercises |
supervised AE | 9/7/2 | 51 ± 4 | 3 times weekly; each session 40–60 min; | ||||
Kadoglou 2014 | Greece | Sedentary | 6 | supervised AE | 30/17/13 | 59.33 ± 4.76 | 50–75%, VO2 peak; each session 60 min |
no exercise | 30/18/12 | 63.82 ± 7.03 | NA | ||||
ALAM 2004 | UK | NA | 6 | supervised AE | 9/5/4 | 59.5 ± 2.5 | 60–85%, VO2 peak; supervised by trainer |
unsupervised AE | 9/4/5 | 55.3 ± 23.2 | NA | ||||
Tessier 2000 | Canada | NA | 3 | supervised AE | 19/7/12 | 69.3 ± 4.2 | 60–79% maximum heart rate |
no exercise | 20/9/11 | 69.5 ± 5.1 | NA | ||||
Church 2011 | American | Sedentary | 3 | no exercise | 41/28/13 | 58.6 ± 8.2 | NA |
supervised RE | 73/43/30 | 56.9 ± 8.7 | 3 times per week; each set consisted of 10 to 12 repetitions | ||||
supervised AE | 72/45/27 | 53.7 ± 9.1 | 50–80% maximum heart rate; 150 min per week | ||||
Combined | 76/49/27 | 55.4 ± 8.3 | NA | ||||
Kwon 2010b | Korea | NA | 6 | unsupervised AE | 13/13/0 | 55.5 ± 7.5 | 5 times per week; |
no exercise | 14/14/0 | 57.5 ± 8.6 | NA | ||||
Winnick 2008 | USA | NA | 4 | unsupervised AE | 15 (the white) | 49.5 ± 2.9 | 10 repetition performed on each of eight machines |
unsupervised RE | 18 (the white) | 50.3 ± 3.5 | 3 times weekly; each session 30-40mijn | ||||
unsupervised AE | 24 (African) | 50.7 ± 2.0 | NA | ||||
unsupervised RT | 12 (African) | 46.2 ± 2.0 | NA |