Table 3 Summary of themes identified in research against elements of conceptual model
From: Effective advocacy strategies for influencing government nutrition policy: a conceptual model
| Â | Key themes from studies | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Components of model | Systematic literature RV | Network Analysis | In-depth interviews |
Contextual factors | |||
 Neoliberal environment | ‘Understand the policymaking process’ ‘The rise of neoliberal ideology’ |  | ‘Understand the policymaking process’ ‘Power and influence of food industry’ ‘Appeal to beliefs’ ‘Abdication of responsibility’ ‘Evidence is only one factor’ |
 Pressurised, risk-averse environment | ‘Understand the policymaking process’ ‘Pressure from industry’ |  | ‘Understand the policymaking process’ ‘Evidence is only one factor’ ‘Competing for attention of decision-makers’ ‘Lack of public will’ ‘Complex, multifaceted problem’ |
 System of governance | ‘Understand the policymaking process’ ‘Government silos’ |  | ‘Understand the policymaking process’ ‘Be alert for policy window’ ‘Priority of other portfolios’ ‘Evidence is only one factor’ ‘Lack of public will’ |
 Democratisation of knowledge |  |  | ‘Complex, multifaceted problem’ ‘Evidence is only one factor’ ‘Competing for attention of decision-makers’ ‘Appeal to beliefs’ |
Enablers | |||
 Invest in relationships/gather intelligence | ‘Build relationships with key stakeholders’ ‘Understand the policymaking process’ ‘Be visible’ | ‘Invest in diverse & strategic relationships’ | ‘Invest in relationships’ ‘Understand the policymaking process’ ‘Be alert for policy window’ ‘Credibility’ ‘Trust’ |
 Develop clear, unified solution | ‘Develop a well thought-through solution’ |  | ‘Provide an attractive solution’ ‘Represent many voices’ |
 Engage or develop skills of a policy entrepreneur | ‘Engage a policy entrepreneur or develop skills if advocates’ ‘Understand the policymaking process’ | ‘Have more than one policy broker/entrepreneur’ | ‘Credibility’ ‘Invest in relationships’ ‘Be alert for policy window’ ‘Play the long game’ ‘Issue/name top of mind’ |
 Engage policy champion | ‘Be visible’ ‘Understand the policymaking process’ | ‘Policy brokers/entrepreneur may not be as powerful as previously thought’ | ‘Power and status’ ‘Trust’ ‘Respect’ ‘Credibility’ ‘Appeal to beliefs’ |
 Reframe issues appealing to values and beliefs | ‘Use emotions and values’ |  | ‘Provide an attractive solution’ ‘Appeal to beliefs’ |
 Amplify frame | ‘Be visible’ |  | ‘Invest in relationships’ ‘Able to create noise’ ‘Build/mobilise coalitions’ |
 Increase public will | ‘Increase public will’ ‘Be visible’ |  | ‘Invest in relationships’ ‘Able to create noise’ ‘Build/mobilise coalitions’ |