|
Randomised Controlled Trials (RCT)
|
|
Arndt, 2016, study 1, USA [43]
|
Exclusion: Individuals who seldom or never ate meat, did not eat meat weekly, consumed no meat containing meal in the past 3 days, ate no serving of meat on an average day, less than 10% of what they ate on an average day is meat, believed that eating meat is bad, disliked eating meat, identified as vegetarians or vegans.
|
Individual recruitment through Amazon Mechanical Turk.
|
T1: 0% (179 to 179)
|
Unpublished, available online
|
Low
|
|
Arndt, 2016, study 2, USA [43]
|
See Arndt 2016, study 1.
|
See Arndt 2016, study 1.
|
T1: 0% (296 to 296)
|
Unpublished, available online
|
Low
|
|
Carfora et al., 2017, Italy [32]
|
Exclusion: Individuals following specific diets (such as vegan, vegetarian, protein, slimming and/or fattening diets).
|
E-mails were sent to a convenience sample of Italian undergraduates.
|
T1: 9.68% (124 to112)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Medium
|
|
Carfora et al., 2017, Italy [31]
|
Participants had to have a mobile phone supporting SMS. Exclusion: Individuals following specific diets or who participated to the other study by Carfora.
|
See Carfora et al., 2017 above.
|
T1: 4.2% (238 to 228)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Medium
|
|
Emmons et al., 2005, USA [25]
|
Participants had to be between 40 and 75 years, have an adenomatous colon polyp removed within 4 weeks of recruitment, have no personal history of CRC, be competent in English, be capable of informed consent, and be reachable by phone.
|
Eligible individuals were sent a letter describing the study and were later contacted by phone unless they opted out.
|
T1: 12.59% (1247 to 1090)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Strong
|
|
Emmons et al., 2005, USA [26]
|
Participants had to be 18 to 75 years old, have a visit scheduled with a participating healthcare provider, be competent in English or Spanish, and come from an eligible working-class neighbourhood. Exclusion: Individuals who had cancer at enrolment, or who were employed by the participating health centres or at a worksite participating in the companion study (Emmons et al., 2005 (a)).
|
See Emmons et al., 2005 above.
|
T1: 12% (2219 to 1954)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Medium
|
|
Fehrenbach, 2013, USA [33]
|
Exclusion: Individuals who were vegan, vegetarian, or pescetarian, self-reported insufficient attention to the message, previously completed part or all of the survey, had incomplete data, received the wrong intervention, and international or non-undergraduate students.
|
Individuals were sampled from communication classes at a large university in Arizona in exchange for extra credits.
|
T1: 10.1% (208 to 187)
|
Unpublished, not available online
|
Low
|
|
Fehrenbach, 2015, USA [37]
|
Participants had to be U.S. resident, 25–44 years of age and consume meat 7+ times/week. Exclusion: Individuals who took the survey on mobile devices, failed an attention filter, or completed the survey too quickly or without viewing the video.
|
Individual recruitment from a national panel using Qualtrics.
|
T1: 1.61% (373 to 367)
|
Unpublished, available online
|
Low
|
|
T2: 58.98% (373 to 153)
|
|
Graham et al., 2017, New Zealand [39]
|
Participants had to reside in New Zealand and pass an attention filter.
|
Individual recruitment through convenience and snowball techniques on a university campus, and advertisement outside the university campus.
|
T1: 0%
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Medium
|
|
Klöckner et al., 2017, study 1, Netherlands [44]
|
Participants had to be adult Norwegians.
|
Individuals were randomly selected from the population registry and sent an invitation letter.
|
T1: 17.1% (1047 to 868)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Low
|
|
Klöckner et al., 2017, study 2, Netherlands [44]
|
Participants had to be adults.
|
Individuals were recruited from the professional online panel TNS Gallup.
|
T1: 8.63% (3895 to 3559)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Medium
|
|
Tian et al., 2016, study 1, France and China [49]
|
Exclusion: Individuals who identified as vegetarians.
|
Individuals were recruited using social media and internal university advertisement.
|
T1: 41.47% (885 to 518)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Low
|
|
Tian et al., 2016, study 2, France and China [49]
|
See Tian et al., 2016, study 1.
|
See Tian et al., 2016, study 1.
|
T1: 14.52% (606 to 518)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Low
|
|
Vibhuti, 2016, USA [40]
|
Participants had to be adults and reside in the US.
|
Individual recruitment through Amazon Mechanical Turk.
|
T1: 0,97% (412 to 408)
|
Unpublished, available online
|
Low
|
|
Non-randomised Controlled Trials (CT)
|
|
Allen et al., 2012, Australia [42]
|
N/A
|
The survey was sent to a random sample of individuals drawn from the telephone directory.
|
T1: 1.82% (220 to 216)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Low
|
|
T2: 55.91% (220 to 97)
|
|
Berndsen et al., 2005, study 1, Netherlands [34]
|
Participants had to be meat eaters.
|
Individual recruitment through internal university advertisement
|
T1: 0% (141 to 141)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Low
|
|
T2: 0% (141 to 141)
|
|
Berndsen et al., 2005, study 2, Netherlands [34]
|
See Berndsen et al., 2005, study 1.
|
See Berndsen et al., 2005, study 1.
|
T1: 0% (92 to 92)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Low
|
|
T2: 0% (92 to 92)
|
|
Bertolotti et al., 2016, Italy [38]
|
Participants had to be over 60 years old, had to volunteer to participate, and complete sufficient sections of the questionnaire.
|
Active recruitment of individuals from socio-recreational centres for the elderly in Milan, Italy.
|
T1: 19.17% (120 to 97)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Strong
|
|
Schiavon et al., 2015, Brazil [27]
|
All patients admitted for surgical treatment of suspected malignant breast tumors in the Maternidade Carmela Dutra Hospital. Exclusion: Individuals who had a history of cancer or a surgical procedure in the previous year; were pregnant or breastfeeding at the time of diagnosis; had positive results for HIV; had neoadjuvant cancer treatment, or a neurological disease.
|
Active recruitment of all aforementioned patients.
|
T1: 9.71% (103 to 93)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Strong
|
|
Crossover design (CO)
|
|
Scrimgeour, 2012, New Zealand [35]
|
N/A
|
Individuals were recruited using the University Psychology and Geography mailing lists and snowballing techniques
|
T1: 18.66% (434 to 353)
|
Unpublished, available online
|
Medium
|
|
Single group pre-post design
|
|
Cordts et al., 2014, Germany [36]
|
Participants had to be meat eaters.
|
Individual recruitment through a professional panel provider with the aim of obtaining a representative sample of the German population.
|
T1: 5.76% (590 to 556)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Strong
|
|
Godfrey, 2014, Canada [41]
|
N/A
|
Food stations were recruited from the University Dining Centre at the University of Calgary.
|
T1: N/A (16,786 meal purchases)
|
Unpublished, available online
|
Medium
|
|
Grimmet et al., 2016, UK [30]
|
Participants had to be over 18 years, have completed treatment for non-metastatic CRC within the last 6 months, be competent in English, have adequate mobility and no contraindications for unsupervised physical activity.
|
Consultants in 3 London hospitals referred patients to the researchers and research-nurses recruited participants from 5 London hospitals.
|
T1: 20.69% (29 to 23)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Medium
|
|
Hawkes et al., 2009, Australia [28]
|
Participants had to be 20–80 years old, approximately 6 months post-CRC diagnosis; competent in English; and have no hearing, speech, or cognitive disabilities preventing them from completing telephone interviews.
|
Invitation and consent packages were sent to individuals who had undergone treatment in 3 the practices of three practitioners in Brisbane.
|
T1: 0% (20 to 20)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Strong
|
|
Hawkes et al., 2012, Australia [29]
|
Participants had to be able to understand and give informed consent in English; have no current or previous diagnosis of CRC or medical conditions limiting adherence to an unsupervised lifestyle program; own a phone; and have one or more poor health behaviour(s) among: not achieving ≥150 min of physical activity/week; eating > 4 servings of red meat/week or < 2 serves of fruit/day, or < 5 servings of vegetables/day; consuming > 2 drinks/day; or if they had a BMI ≥25. Participants had to have a first degree relative with CRC.
|
Social media, printed material, radio and online advertisement.
|
T1: 0% (22 to 22)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Medium
|
|
Loy et al., 2016, Germany [45]
|
Participants had to be non-vegetarians and proficient in German.
|
Individuals were recruited through internal university advertisement.
|
T1: 3,33% (60 to 58)
|
Peer reviewed publication
|
Medium
|
|
T2: 8.33% (60 to 55)
|
|
Marette et al., 2016, France [46]
|
Participants had to eat ground beef, at least occasionally.
|
Individuals were recruited via phone to randomly select a sample representative of the age groups and socio-economic status of the population in Dijon, France.
|
T1: 3,23% (124 to 120)
|
Report, available online
|
Strong
|
|
Retrospective intervention evaluation
|
|
Leidig, 2012, study 1, USA [47]
|
All healthcare accounts of Sodexo’s food service in the USA were eligible.
|
The survey was distributed to the managers of all USA healthcare accounts.
|
T1: N/A (119 account managers)
|
Report, available online
|
Low
|
|
Leidig, 2012, study 2, USA [47]
|
All corporate and governmental accounts of Sodexo’s food service in the USA were eligible.
|
The survey was distributed to the managers of all USA corporate and government accounts.
|
T1: N/A (126 account managers)
|
Report, available online
|
Low
|
