Table 1 Baseline characteristics of older Japanese adults by driving status (n = 49,511)
| Â | Total | Driving status | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Non-car users | Car users | ||||
|  | n = 49,511 | n = 19,835 | n = 29,676 | |||
| Â | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Age (in years) | ||||||
 65–69 | 15,785 | 31.9 | 5068 | 25.6 | 10,717 | 36.1 |
 70–74 | 14,512 | 29.3 | 5983 | 30.2 | 8529 | 28.7 |
 75–79 | 10,813 | 21.8 | 4877 | 24.6 | 5936 | 20.0 |
 ≥ 80 | 8401 | 17.0 | 3907 | 19.7 | 4494 | 15.1 |
Sex | ||||||
 Male | 23,092 | 46.6 | 8341 | 42.1 | 14,751 | 49.7 |
 Female | 26,419 | 53.4 | 11,494 | 57.9 | 14,925 | 50.3 |
Food store availability | ||||||
Subjective (perceived number of food stores within 1-km of residence) | ||||||
 Highest | 7898 | 16.0 | 3359 | 16.9 | 4539 | 15.3 |
 Middle–high | 30,013 | 60.6 | 12,102 | 61.0 | 17,911 | 60.4 |
 Middle–low | 8935 | 18.0 | 3565 | 18.0 | 5370 | 18.1 |
 Lowest | 2665 | 5.4 | 809 | 4.1 | 1856 | 6.3 |
Objective (mean number of food stores within 500-m radius of residence) | ||||||
 Quartile 4 (27) | 12,375 | 25.0 | 8696 | 43.8 | 3679 | 12.4 |
 Quartile 3 (11) | 12,010 | 24.3 | 5535 | 27.9 | 6475 | 21.8 |
 Quartile 2 (4) | 12,685 | 25.6 | 3249 | 16.4 | 9436 | 31.8 |
 Quartile 1 (0.8) | 12,441 | 25.1 | 2355 | 11.9 | 10,086 | 34.0 |
Objective (mean number of food stores within 1-km radius of residence) | ||||||
 Quartile 4 (91) | 12,369 | 25.0 | 9624 | 48.5 | 2745 | 9.2 |
 Quartile 3 (36) | 12,370 | 25.0 | 5297 | 26.7 | 7073 | 23.8 |
 Quartile 2 (16) | 12,378 | 25.0 | 2617 | 13.2 | 9761 | 32.9 |
 Quartile 1 (4) | 12,394 | 25.0 | 2297 | 11.6 | 10,097 | 34.0 |
Sociodemographic status | ||||||
Education (in years) | ||||||
 Low (≤ 9) | 22,736 | 45.9 | 8311 | 41.9 | 14,425 | 48.6 |
 Middle (10–12) | 16,250 | 32.8 | 6477 | 32.7 | 9773 | 32.9 |
 High (≥ 13) | 8147 | 16.5 | 3794 | 19.1 | 4353 | 14.7 |
 Other/missing | 2378 | 4.8 | 1253 | 6.3 | 1125 | 3.8 |
Annual income (in millions of yen) | ||||||
 Low (<  2.00) | 20,101 | 40.6 | 7898 | 39.8 | 12,203 | 41.1 |
 Middle (2.00–3.99) | 15,636 | 31.6 | 5856 | 29.5 | 9780 | 33.0 |
 High (≥ 4.00) | 4496 | 9.1 | 1759 | 8.9 | 2737 | 9.2 |
 Missing | 9278 | 18.7 | 4322 | 21.8 | 4956 | 16.7 |
Living situation | ||||||
 Lives with others | 41,237 | 83.3 | 15,006 | 75.7 | 26,231 | 88.4 |
 Lives alone | 6810 | 13.8 | 4070 | 20.5 | 2740 | 9.2 |
 Missing | 1464 | 3.0 | 759 | 3.8 | 705 | 2.4 |
Marital status | ||||||
 Married | 34,309 | 69.3 | 12,157 | 61.3 | 22,152 | 74.6 |
 Widowed | 10,294 | 20.8 | 4862 | 24.5 | 5432 | 18.3 |
 Divorced | 1694 | 3.4 | 1031 | 5.2 | 663 | 2.2 |
 Never married | 963 | 1.9 | 677 | 3.4 | 286 | 1.0 |
 Other/missing | 2251 | 4.5 | 1108 | 5.6 | 1143 | 3.9 |
Employment status | ||||||
 Working | 10,208 | 20.6 | 3501 | 17.7 | 6707 | 22.6 |
 Retired | 27,388 | 55.3 | 11,116 | 56.0 | 16,272 | 54.8 |
 Never worked | 5469 | 11.0 | 2378 | 12.0 | 3091 | 10.4 |
 Missing | 6446 | 13.0 | 2840 | 14.3 | 3606 | 12.2 |
Environmental status | ||||||
Driving status | ||||||
 Car user | 29,676 | 59.9 | 0 | 0 | 29,676 | 100 |
Public transportation | ||||||
 Train user | 9470 | 19.1 | 1650 | 8.3 | 7820 | 26.4 |
 Bus user | 6605 | 13.3 | 1908 | 9.6 | 4697 | 15.8 |
Prefecture of residence | ||||||
 Hokkaido | 4253 | 8.6 | 792 | 4.0 | 3461 | 11.7 |
 Aomori | 3057 | 6.2 | 727 | 3.7 | 2330 | 7.9 |
 Yamanashi | 3033 | 6.1 | 426 | 2.1 | 2607 | 8.8 |
 Aichi | 36,041 | 72.8 | 17,059 | 86.0 | 18,982 | 64.0 |
 Nagasaki | 3127 | 6.3 | 831 | 4.2 | 2296 | 7.7 |
Walking and going out | ||||||
 Walking time | ||||||
 ≥ 30 min/day | 31,072 | 62.8 | 12,290 | 62.0 | 18,782 | 63.3 |
 <  30 min/day | 15,345 | 31.0 | 6026 | 30.4 | 9319 | 31.4 |
 Missing | 3094 | 6.2 | 1519 | 7.7 | 1575 | 5.3 |
Frequency of going out | ||||||
 ≥ 2 times/week | 39,544 | 79.9 | 14,819 | 74.7 | 24,725 | 83.3 |
 ≤ 1 time/week | 7039 | 14.2 | 2477 | 12.5 | 4562 | 15.4 |
 Missing | 2928 | 5.9 | 2539 | 12.8 | 389 | 1.3 |
Nutritional status | ||||||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||
 Underweight (<  18.5) | 3354 | 6.8 | 1582 | 8.0 | 1772 | 6.0 |
 Normal (18.5–24.9) | 32,836 | 66.3 | 13,065 | 65.9 | 19,771 | 66.6 |
 Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 9222 | 18.6 | 3319 | 16.7 | 5903 | 19.9 |
 Obese (≥ 30.0) | 1134 | 2.3 | 440 | 2.2 | 694 | 2.3 |
 Missing | 2965 | 6.0 | 1429 | 7.2 | 1536 | 5.2 |
Frequency of vegetable/fruit intake | ||||||
 ≥ 1 time/day | 37,209 | 75.2 | 13,861 | 69.9 | 23,348 | 78.7 |
 <  1 time/day | 9451 | 19.1 | 3555 | 17.9 | 5896 | 19.9 |
 Missing | 2851 | 5.8 | 2419 | 12.2 | 432 | 1.5 |
Frequency of meat/fish intake | ||||||
 ≥ 1 time/day | 19,282 | 38.9 | 7284 | 36.7 | 11,998 | 40.4 |
 <  1 time/day | 27,094 | 54.7 | 9980 | 50.3 | 17,114 | 57.7 |
 Missing | 3135 | 6.3 | 2571 | 13 | 564 | 1.9 |
Health status | ||||||
Undergoing medical treatment | ||||||
 Cancer (yes) | 2134 | 4.3 | 903 | 4.6 | 1231 | 4.1 |
 Heart disease (yes) | 5983 | 12.1 | 2390 | 12.0 | 3593 | 12.1 |
 Stroke (yes) | 669 | 1.4 | 251 | 1.3 | 418 | 1.4 |
 Diabetes mellitus (yes) | 6247 | 12.6 | 2448 | 12.3 | 3799 | 12.8 |
 Respiratory disease (yes) | 1795 | 3.6 | 673 | 3.4 | 1122 | 3.8 |
 Other (yes) | 34,210 | 69.1 | 13,878 | 70.0 | 20,332 | 68.5 |
Depressive symptoms | ||||||
 Non-depressed (GDS < 5) | 29,877 | 60.3 | 11,264 | 56.8 | 18,613 | 62.7 |
 Depressed (GDS ≥ 5) | 11,365 | 23.0 | 4656 | 23.5 | 6709 | 22.6 |
 Missing | 8269 | 16.7 | 3915 | 19.7 | 4354 | 14.7 |