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Table 3 Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for the association of mortality with subjective and objective availability of food stores among older Japanese adults (n = 49,511)

From: Neighborhood food environment and mortality among older Japanese adults: results from the JAGES cohort study

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

Food store availability

Subjective availability

 Highest

ref

ref

ref

ref

ref

 Middle–high

1.12 (0.99–1.27)

1.11 (0.98–1.26)

1.12 (0.99–1.28)

1.09 (0.95–1.23)

1.09 (0.95–1.23)

 Middle–low

1.21 (1.04–1.41)*

1.18 (1.01–1.37)*

1.19 (1.02–1.39)*

1.11 (0.95–1.29)

1.05 (0.90–1.23)

 Lowest

1.28 (1.04–1.58)*

1.25 (1.01–1.54)*

1.24 (1.01–1.53)*

1.13 (0.91–1.39)

1.05 (0.85–1.30)

 p for trend

<0.01

0.02

0.01

0.19

0.74

 Objective availability within a 500-meter radius of residence

 Quartile 4 (highest)

ref

ref

ref

ref

ref

 Quartile 3

0.99 (0.87–1.14)

0.98 (0.86–1.12)

0.98 (0.86–1.12)

0.96 (0.84–1.10)

0.95 (0.83–1.10)

 Quartile 2

1.05 (0.93–1.20)

1.04 (0.91–1.18)

1.04 (0.91–1.19)

1.01 (0.88–1.15)

1.01 (0.89–1.16)

 Quartile 1 (lowest)

1.10 (0.97–1.25)

1.07 (0.94–1.22)

1.05 (0.92–1.21)

1.00 (0.87–1.15)

1.01 (0.88–1.16)

 p for trend

0.08

0.18

0.31

0.75

0.58

  1. HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, ref reference group
  2. Model 1: Adjusted for age and sex
  3. Model 2: Model 1 + adjusted for sociodemographic status (education, annual income, living situation, marital status, and employment status)
  4. Model 3: Model 2 + adjusted for environmental status (driving status, public transportation [train and bus], and prefecture of residence)
  5. Model 4: Model 3 + adjusted for walking and going out (walking time and frequency of going out)
  6. Model 5: Model 4 + adjusted for nutritional status (body mass index, frequency of fruit/vegetable and meat/fish intake) and health status (medical treatment for cancer, heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, respiratory diseases, or other, and depressive symptoms)
  7. *p < 0.05