| Base modelb | Adjusted modelc | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | Men | Women | Men | |||||||||
Meand | SEM | P-value5 | Meand | SEM | P-value5 | Meand | SEM | P-value5 | Meand | SEM | P-value5 | |
Frequency of meal preparation | ||||||||||||
 Non-cook (less than once/week or never) | 0.90 | 0.63 | 0.12 | 0.46 | 0.22 | 0.67 | 1.28 | 0.88 | 0.29 | 1.15 | 0.49 | 0.60 |
 Occasional cook (less than once/day but at least once/week) | 1.12 | 0.08 |  | 0.63 | 0.14 |  | 1.34 | 0.26 |  | 1.13 | 0.43 |  |
 Regular cook (once or more times/day) | 1.51 | 0.17 |  | 0.46 | 0.16 |  | 1.73 | 0.33 |  | 0.88 | 0.45 |  |
Time for meal preparation | ||||||||||||
 Low (2–22 min/day in women; 2–13 min/day in men) | 1.35 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.52 | 0.18 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 1.34 | 0.29 | 0.90 |
 Medium (22–38 min/day in women; 13–30 min/day in men) | 1.17 | 0.13 |  | 0.55 | 0.23 |  | 0.99 | 0.55 |  | 1.37 | 0.28 |  |
 High (39–106 min/day in women; 30–50 min/day in men) | 1.04 | 0.13 |  | 0.59 | 0.18 |  | 1.33 | 0.50 |  | 1.45 | 0.29 |  |
Cooking skills | Â | Â | 0.03 | Â | Â | 0.81 | Â | Â | 0.26 | Â | Â | 0.76 |
 Low | 1.44 | 0.13 |  | 0.56 | 0.19 |  | 1.15 | 0.29 |  | 1.06 | 0.53 |  |
 Medium | 1.18 | 0.12 |  | 0.64 | 0.19 |  | 1.50 | 0.28 |  | 1.09 | 0.52 |  |
 High | 0.97 | 0.13 |  | 0.46 | 0.19 |  | 1.47 | 0.28 |  | 1.31 | 0.52 |  |
Preparation from scratch |  |  | < 0.0001 |  |  | 0.05 |  |  | 0.81 |  |  | 0.72 |
 Low | 1.69 | 0.14 |  | 0.93 | 0.20 |  | 1.45 | 0.30 |  | 1.26 | 0.51 |  |
 Medium | 1.16 | 0.13 |  | 0.46 | 0.20 |  | 1.45 | 0.29 |  | 0.96 | 0.52 |  |
 High | 0.87 | 0.11 |  | 0.30 | 0.18 |  | 1.32 | 0.28 |  | 1.16 | 0.51 |  |
Kitchen equipment | Â | Â | 0.05 | Â | Â | 0.70 | Â | Â | 0.90 | Â | Â | 0.42 |
 Low | 1.42 | 0.12 |  | 0.71 | 0.22 |  | 1.40 | 0.28 |  | 1.17 | 0.54 |  |
 Medium | 1.05 | 0.10 |  | 0.51 | 0.22 |  | 1.37 | 0.18 |  | 0.83 | 0.52 |  |
 High | 1.06 | 0.20 |  | 0.49 | 0.16 |  | 1.40 | 0.34 |  | 1.30 | 0.50 |  |
Enjoyment for food preparation | Â | Â | 0.62 | Â | Â | 0.57 | Â | Â | 0.94 | Â | Â | 0.68 |
 No | 1.16 | 0.22 |  | 0.36 | 0.30 |  | 1.31 | 0.37 |  | 0.93 | 0.59 |  |
 Yes, but not daily meal preparation | 1.33 | 0.17 |  | 0.40 | 0.26 |  | 1.40 | 0.32 |  | 0.98 | 0.58 |  |
 Yes, including daily meal preparation | 1.16 | 0.09 |  | 0.63 | 0.13 |  | 1.40 | 0.26 |  | 1.22 | 0.48 |  |
Willingness to cook better | Â | Â | 0.0003 | Â | Â | 0.003 | Â | Â | 0.33 | Â | Â | 0.10 |
 No | 0.83 | 0.12 |  | 0.13 | 0.18 |  | 1.26 | 0.23 |  | 0.83 | 0.33 |  |
 Yes | 1.38 | 0.09 |  | 0.81 | 0.14 |  | 1.46 | 0.21 |  | 1.33 | 0.32 |  |
Willingness to cook more frequently | Â | Â | 0.0002 | Â | Â | 0.08 | Â | Â | 0.14 | Â | Â | 0.73 |
 No | 1.02 | 0.09 |  | 0.43 | 0.13 |  | 1.30 | 0.26 |  | 1.11 | 0.32 |  |
 Yes | 1.62 | 0.14 |  | 0.86 | 0.21 |  | 1.63 | 0.30 |  | 1.23 | 0.30 |  |