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Table 3 Results of longitudinal intervention studies

From: Health benefits of electrically-assisted cycling: a systematic review

Study

Outcomes

Results, mean, SD (95% CI)

Intervention

Control

Significance, p-value

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

  

E-bike

  

Cooper, 2018 [32]

Max absolute power

157.5 (55.7)

174.3 (70.8)

  

NC

Men

182.1 (51.5)

206.2 (64.9)

  

NC

Women

118.9 (38.9)

124.3 (49.0)

  

NC

  

E-bike

NE

Within groups

De Geus, 2013 [29]

Absolute VO2peak

     

Men

2.56 (0.35)

2.61 (0.38)

2.62 (0.46)

2.56 (0.35)

>.0.025 E-bike, NE

Women

1.94 (0.37)

2.07 (0.41)

1.91 (0.35)

1.94 (0.37)

>.0.025 E-bike, NE

Relative VO2peak

     

Men

30.2 (4.3)

30.7 (5.6)

30.8 (4.9)

30.2 (4.3)

>.0.025 E-bike, NE

Women

30.0 (6.0)

32.3 (6.5)

29.4 (5.1)

30.0 (6.0)

>.0.025 E-bike, NE

Absolute max power

    

Men

169.5 (19.9)

192.1 (28.7)

173.8 (27.1)

169.5 (19.9)

<.0.025 E-bike, >.0.025 NE

Women

130.9 (21.6)

145.9 (24.8)

131.1 (21.7)

130.9 (21.6)

<.0.025 E-bike, >.0.025 NE

Relative max power

     

Men

2.00 (0.28)

2.30 (0.40)

2.05 (0.35)

2.00 (0.28)

<.0.025 E-bike, >.0.025 NE

Women

2.03 (0.41)

2.30 (0.55)

2.04 (0.43)

2.03 (0.41)

<.0.025 E-bike, >.0.025 NE

  

E-bike

CB

 

Hochsmann, 2017 [30]

Relative VO2peak

35.7 (5.8)

39.3 (8.3)

36.4 (7.3)

38.6 (6.2)

0.327, 1.4 (− 1.4–4.1)+

Relative power output

2.9 (0.6)

3.2 (0.6)

3 (0.5)

3.3 (0.5)

0.995, 0.0 (− 0.1–0.1)+

Resting HR

64.7 (6.5)

65.1 (7.6)

68.8 (8.8)

65.5 (10.6)

0.505, 2.0 (−4.2–8.2) +

HR at 100 W max text

113.4 (9.2)

111.5 (7.7)

113.4 (15.9)

109.2 (14.2)

0.219, 2.4 (− 1.5–6.2) +

SBP at rest

125.9 (13.8)

124.1 (11.3)

127.3 (10.6)

123.1 (12.4)

0.538, 2.0 (−4.5–8.5) +

DBP at rest

82.4 (8.5)

82.1 (8.2)

87.7 (8)

84.5 (8.8)

0.625, 1.2 (−3.9–6.3) +

SBP @ 100 W

174.1 (22.9)

160.3 (21.2)

160.8 (20)

150.4 (18.5)

0.93, −0.4 (−9.4–8.7) +

DBP @ 100 W

86.2 (8.3)

81.9 (6.5)

88 (7.1)

84 (8.1)

0.709, −1.1 (−7.5–5.2) +

  

E-bike

   

Malnes, 2016 [31]

Relative VO2peak

34.1 (31.6, 36.7)

36.5 (34.4, 38.6)

  

<.001

Relative VO2peak, % gain

 

7.7 (4.3, 11.1)

   

High Fitness

 

1.5 (−5.6, 8.6)

  

0.626

Low Fitness

 

9.6 (5.9, 13.3)

  

<.05

Peak HR

181 (175, 187)

180 (174, 186)

  

0.429

  

E-bike commute

Passive commute

  

Page, 2017 [33]

QOL (baseline and week 8)

38.00 (3.86)

39.67 (4.47)

29.63 (6.57)

35.71 (5.59)

>.05 E-bike, Passive commute

OQL (week 4)

 

38.84 (4.16)

 

32.67 (6.08)

<.01, ES = 0.28

  

E-bike

   

Peterman, 2016 [13]

Absolute VO2max

2.21 (0.48)

2.39 (0.52)

  

<.05

MVPA

28.1 (17.5)

29.0 (20.2)

  

>.05

MVPA10+

11.7 (14.3)

13.0 (15.2)

  

>.05

Absolute max power

165.1 (37.1)

189.3 (38.3)

  

<.05

Fasting glucose

4.99 (0.52)

5.02 (0.47)

  

>.05

2 h post plasma glucose

5.53 (1.18)

5.03 (0.91)

  

<.05

HOMA

2.46 (0.95)

2.55 (0.82)

  

>.05

Total cholesterol

3.90 (0.87)

3.92 (0.79)

  

>.05

LDL

2.33 (0.8)

2.34 (0.71)

  

>.05

HDL

1.21 (0.24)

1.18 (0.22)

  

>.05

Triglycerides

0.95 (0.42)

0.91 (0.27)

  

>.05

MAP

84.6 (10.5)

83.2 (9.4)

  

>.05

SBP

110.0 (12.4)

109.1 (10.9)

  

>.05

DBP

67.7 (8.8)

67.0 (8.0)

  

>.05

  1. +difference between groups, 95% CI, ES = effect size
  2. Distance (total and weekly) measured in kilometres; Duration (total and weekly) measured in minutes
  3. NE no activity, CB conventional bike
  4. SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, MAP mean arterial blood pressure, QOL quality of life, LDL low density lipo-protein, HDL high density lipo-protein, HOMA measure of insulin sensitivity using homeostatic model assessment, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity, MVPA10+ moderate to vigorous physical activity of bout of 10-min or greater, W watts
  5. VO2max = highest oxygen value attainable for an individual, VO2peak = the highest oxygen intake value obtained on a specific test
  6. Relative VO2max and VO2peak measured as ml/min/kg; Absolute VO2max and VO2peak measured in l/min Mean energy expenditure measured in kcal/min; Mean heart rate or peak heart rate measured in beats per minute (bpm); Mean absolute max power measured in Watts, Mean relative power measured in watts/kg; glucose, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Triglycerides measured in mmol/L; blood pressure measured in millimeter of mercury (mmHg), MVPA and MVPA10+ measured in minutes per day
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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