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Table 2 Association between breakfast type and abdominal obesity (WHR ≥ 0.9 (♂); ≥ 0.85 (♀), N = 1351)

From: Association between breakfast composition and abdominal obesity in the Swiss adult population eating breakfast regularly

 

Breakfast composition

T1

T2

T3

 

OR

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

P-Value for trend 2

‘Traditional’ – Refined bread, butter and sweet spread

Crude

1 (ref)

1.40

1.03

1.90

1.72

1.27

2.32

< 0.001**

Model 1

(sex + age)

1 (ref)

1.25

0.87

1.80

0.89

0.61

1.28

0.45

Model 2

(sex + age + physical activity + total energy intake) 1

1 (ref)

1.31

0.91

1.90

0.93

0.64

1.36

0.67

Model 3

(11 covariates) 1

1 (ref)

1.39

0.95

2.03

1.00

0.68

1.48

0.95

Model 4

(16 covariates, including diet quality during the rest of the day – nutrient + food-based approach) 2

1 (ref)

1.32

0.90

1.93

1.00

0.67

1.50

0.99

‘Prudent’ – Fruit, unprocessed and unsweetened cereal flakes, nuts/seeds and yogurt

Crude

1 (ref)

1.48

1.10

1.99

0.99

0.73

1.35

0.96

Model 1

(sex + age)

1 (ref)

0.98

0.68

1.40

0.60

0.41

0.87

0.006*

Model 2

(sex + age + physical activity + total energy intake) 1

1 (ref)

1.00

0.70

1.44

0.59

0.40

0.86

0.005*

Model 3

(11 covariates) 1

1 (ref)

1.01

0.70

1.47

0.60

0.41

0.90

0.011*

Model 4

(16 covariates, including diet quality during the rest of the day – nutrient + food-based approach) 2

1 (ref)

1.09

0.74

1.59

0.72

0.47

1.08

0.10

‘Western’ – Processed breakfast cereals and milk

Crude

1 (ref)

1.24

0.93

1.67

1.00

0.74

1.36

0.98

Model 1

(sex + age)

1 (ref)

1.12

0.79

1.58

1.07

0.74

1.53

0.71

Model 2

(sex + age + physical activity + total energy intake) 1

1 (ref)

1.14

0.80

1.62

1.09

0.75

1.57

0.63

Model 3

(11 covariates) 1

1 (ref)

1.18

0.83

1.70

1.21

0.83

1.77

0.32

Model 4

(16 covariates, including diet quality during the rest of the day – nutrient + food-based approach) 2

1 (ref)

1.10

0.76

1.58

1.16

0.79

1.71

0.45

  1. 1 Sex, age (continuous), physical activity (MET-min per week, continuous, imputed), total energy intake (mean out of two 24-h dietary recalls), alcohol intake (mean intake out of two 24-h dietary recalls), education (university degree
  2. yes/no), food literacy (knowing about the Swiss Food Pyramid: yes/no), smoking (never/past/current), nationality (Swiss/non-Swiss), household status (alone/couple with children/couple without children), season of the first 24-h dietary recall (cold/warm), linguistic region (German/French/Italian)
  3. 2 Idem plus diet quality during the rest of the day (outside breakfast) considering dietary fiber, saturated fat, sodium, and the six-food-component nutritional score (mean intake out of two 24-h dietary recalls)
  4. 3 Differences were assessed using multiple logistic regressions (* P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.001)
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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