Table 1 Maternal baseline characteristics and children’s characteristics in early adolescence (N = 995)
Maternal characteristics | Overall (N = 995) | Boys (N = 504) | Girls (N = 491) |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 32.4 ± 5.1 | 32.2 ± 5.3 | 32.6 ± 4.8 |
Annual household income, US$a | |||
  > 70,000 | 589 (64) | 302 (66) | 287 (63) |
  ≤ 70,000 | 327 (36) | 155 (34) | 172 (37) |
Maternal education | |||
  ≥ College degree | 709 (71) | 348 (69) | 361 (74) |
  < College degree | 286 (29) | 156 (31) | 130 (26) |
Mother’s marital status | |||
 Married / cohabitating | 916 (92) | 466 (92) | 450 (92) |
 Other | 79 (8) | 38 (8) | 41 (8) |
Parity | |||
 Nulliparous | 472 (47) | 239 (47) | 233 (47) |
  ≥ 1 child | 523 (53) | 265 (53) | 258 (53) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 24.8 ± 5.2 | 24.8 ± 4.9 | 24.7 ± 5.5 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI | |||
  ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 367 (37) | 197 (39) | 170 (35) |
  < 25 kg/m2 | 628 (63) | 307 (61) | 321 (65) |
Child characteristics | Overall | Boys | Girls |
Race / ethnicity | |||
 White | 647 (65) | 315 (63) | 332 (68) |
 Black | 29 (3) | 16 (3) | 13 (3) |
 Asian | 157 (16) | 85 (17) | 72 (15) |
 Hispanic | 45 (5) | 24 (5) | 21 (4) |
 Other | 117 (12) | 64 (13) | 53 (11) |
Age at early adolescence visit, years | 13.2 ± 0.9 | 13.2 ± 1.0 | 13.2 ± 0.9 |
BMI Z-score, unitb | 0.37 ± 1.06 | 0.39 ± 1.06 | 0.34 ± 1.06 |
Waist circumference, cm | 73.0 ± 11.6 | 73.3 ± 12.1 | 72.8 ± 11.1 |
BI whole-body fat, %c | 21.8 ± 10.3 | 17.5 ± 9.3 | 26.2 ± 9.4 |
DXA whole-body fat, %d | 28.6 ± 7.5 | 26.8 ± 8.0 | 30.4 ± 6.6 |
DXA trunk fat, kgd | 6.2 ± 4.0 | 5.7 ± 4.0 | 6.6 ± 3.9 |
Trunk to peripheral fat ratiod | 0.59 ± 0.12 | 0.57 ± 0.11 | 0.61 ± 0.12 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dle | 92.9 ± 23.5 | 93.2 ± 18.3 | 92.6 ± 28.1 |
Fasting insulin, uU/mle | 14.1 ± 9.0 | 12.7 ± 9.0 | 15.7 ± 8.9 |
HOMA-IRe | 3.23 ± 2.43 | 2.88 ± 2.18 | 3.62 ± 2.63 |