Table 2 Associations of maternal and child characteristics with dietary behaviors among Viva children throughout childhood (ages 4 to 11 years; N = 995)
|  | Eating breakfast daily | Eating dinner with family daily | Eating fast food < 1/wk | Eating meals while watching television < 1/wk | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | ||||||||
Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | |
Maternal characteristics | ||||||||
 Household income | ||||||||
  > 70,000 US$ | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
   ≤ 70,000 US$ | 0.55 (0.39, 0.76) | 0.56 (0.40, 0.79) | 0.97 (0.77, 1.22) | 1.04 (0.83, 1.31) | 0.87 (0.68, 1.11) | 0.58 (0.45, 0.73) | 0.76 (0.60, 0.98) | 0.61 (0.48, 0.78) |
Maternal education | ||||||||
   ≥ College degree | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
   < College degree | 0.43 (0.31, 0.59) | 0.45 (0.32, 0.63) | 0.91 (0.73, 1.15) | 0.76 (0.59, 0.97) | 0.61 (0.48, 0.77) | 0.49 (0.38, 0.64) | 0.54 (0.42, 0.69) | 0.46 (0.35, 0.60) |
Maternal marital status | ||||||||
 Married / cohabitating | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
 Other | 0.35 (0.21, 0.59) | 0.39 (0.24, 0.64) | 1.03 (0.66, 1.61) | 0.64 (0.42, 0.98) | 0.91 (0.57, 1.46) | 0.56 (0.37, 0.85) | 0.52 (0.33, 0.83) | 0.45 (0.29, 0.68) |
Maternal parity | ||||||||
  ≥ 1 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
 Nulliparous | 1.03 (0.76, 1.41) | 1.37 (0.99, 1.90) | 1.02 (0.83, 1.26) | 1.15 (0.93, 1.43) | 1.14 (0.91, 1.42) | 1.24 (0.98, 1.56) | 0.86 (0.68, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.81, 1.28) |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | ||||||||
  < 25 kg/m2 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
  ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 0.72 (0.53, 0.99) | 0.65 (0.46, 0.90) | 1.02 (0.82, 1.26) | 0.77 (0.61, 0.96) | 0.81 (0.64, 1.02) | 0.57 (0.45, 0.73) | 0.79 (0.63, 0.99) | 0.69 (0.54, 0.88) |
Child characteristics | ||||||||
 Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
  White | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
  Asian | 0.64 (0.28, 1.49) | 0.42 (0.19, 0.94) | 0.84 (0.47, 1.49) | 2.63 (1.26, 5.50) | 0.71 (0.39, 1.30) | 1.53 (0.68, 3.43) | 0.89 (0.48, 1.67) | 2.04 (0.86, 4.85) |
  Black | 0.38 (0.26, 0.56) | 0.35 (0.23, 0.53) | 0.72 (0.53, 0.97) | 0.68 (0.49, 0.95) | 0.50 (0.37, 0.68) | 0.55 (0.39, 0.77) | 0.52 (0.38, 0.71) | 0.38 (0.27, 0.53) |
  Hispanic | 0.48 (0.24, 0.94) | 0.28 (0.14, 0.55) | 1.34 (0.79, 2.27) | 0.99 (0.54, 1.80) | 0.90 (0.51, 1.59) | 0.30 (0.17, 0.53) | 0.95 (0.54, 1.66) | 0.43 (0.23, 0.79) |
  Other | 0.48 (0.31, 0.75) | 1.04 (0.58, 1.85) | 1.04 (0.76, 1.43) | 1.04 (0.73, 1.47) | 0.94 (0.66, 1.34) | 0.80 (0.55, 1.15) | 0.92 (0.65, 1.30) | 0.49 (0.34, 0.71) |