Table 1 Baseline sample characteristicsa of youth with type 1 diabetes participating in a behavioral nutrition intervention
Overall (n = 136) | Intervention (n = 66) | Control (n = 70) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 12.7 ± 2.6 | 12.5 ± 2.7 | 13.0 ± 2.5 | 0.27 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 21.3 ± 4.2 | 21.0 ± 4.1 | 21.6 ± 4.3 | 0.37 |
HbA1cb, (%) | 8.1 ± 1.0 | 8.1 ± 1.1 | 8.1 ± 1.0 | 0.95 |
Duration of diabetes, years | 6.0 ± 3.1 | 5.6 ± 2.5 | 6.4 ± 3.6 | 0.15 |
Youth race/ethnicity | ||||
Non-Hispanic white | 123 (90.4) | 58 (87.9) | 65 (92.9) | 0.17 |
Non-Hispanic black | 5 (3.7) | 2 (3.0) | 3 (4.3) | |
Hispanic | 7 (5.2) | 6 (9.1) | 1 (1.4) | |
American Indian/Alaska Native | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.4) | |
Use of multivitamin supplement | ||||
Yes | 51 (37.5) | 19 (28.8) | 32 (45.7) | 0.05 |
No | 85 (62.5) | 47 (71.2) | 38 (54.3) | |
Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol | 86.35 ± 23.96 | 85.66 ± 19.68 | 87.00 ± 27.53 | 0.75 |
High density lipoprotein-cholesterol | 56.55 ± 1.17 | 56.52 ± 13.97 | 56.58 ± 13.30 | 0.98 |
Fruit and vegetable intake, servings/day | 1.69 ± 0.09 | 1.77 ± 0.13 | 1.63 ± 0.12 | 0.36 |
Serum carotenoids, μg/ml | 1.44 ± 0.68 | 1.45 ± 0.10 | 1.43 ± 0.07 | 0.85 |