Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d | Model 5e | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef (95% CI) | P | Coef (95% CI) | P | Coef (95% CI) | P | Coef (95% CI) | P | Coef (95% CI) | P | |
Fixed effects | ||||||||||
Fruit and vegetable consumption (ref: ≥5 portions/day) | ||||||||||
1–4 portions/day | 0.22 (0.00, 0.44) | 0.054 | 0.26 (0.04, 0.49) | 0.019 | 0.27 (0.05, 0.49) | 0.016 | 0.13 (−0.09, 0.34) | 0.242 | 0.13 (− 0.09, 0.34) | 0.253 |
< 1 portion/day | 0.77 (0.51, 1.03) | < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.58, 1.11) | < 0.001 | 0.81 (0.54, 1.07) | < 0.001 | 0.56 (0.30, 0.81) | < 0.001 | 0.55 (0.29, 0.81) | < 0.001 |
Not stated | 0.91 (0.54, 1.28) | < 0.001 | 0.61 (0.22, 0.99) | 0.002 | −0.15 (−0.85, 0.55) | 0.672 | −0.40 (−1.09, 0.29) | 0.254 | −0.40 (−1.08, 0.28) | 0.248 |
Age | −0.18 (− 0.23, − 0.12) | < 0.001 | −0.28 (− 0.34, − 0.21) | < 0.001 | −0.34 (− 0.41, − 0.27) | < 0.001 | −0.34 (− 0.41, − 0.27) | < 0.001 | ||
Gender (ref: male) | ||||||||||
Female | 0.90 (0.64, 1.16) | < 0.001 | 0.49 (0.23, 0.75) | < 0.001 | 0.34 (0.09, 0.59) | 0.007 | 0.34 (0.09, 0.58) | 0.007 | ||
Ethnicity (ref: White British) | ||||||||||
Black Caribbean | −0.38 (−0.81, 0.05) | 0.083 | −0.17 (− 0.59, 0.25) | 0.425 | − 0.43 (− 0.83, − 0.03) | 0.037 | −0.42 (− 0.82, − 0.02) | 0.039 | ||
Black African | −0.97 (−1.39, − 0.55) | < 0.001 | −0.53 (− 0.94, − 0.11) | 0.013 | −0.71 (− 1.12, − 0.30) | 0.001 | −0.68 (− 1.08, − 0.28) | 0.001 | ||
Indian | −0.96 (− 1.48, − 0.44) | < 0.001 | −0.67 (− 1.20, − 0.14) | 0.014 | −0.73 (− 1.24, − 0.21) | 0.005 | −0.62 (−1.12, − 0.13) | 0.014 | ||
Pakistani/Bangladeshi | −0.74 (−1.23, − 0.24) | 0.004 | −0.41 (− 0.93, 0.12) | 0.133 | −0.63 (− 1.14, − 0.12) | 0.015 | −0.50 (− 0.98, 0.02) | 0.043 | ||
Parental care (ref: high) | ||||||||||
Medium | 0.64 (0.41, 0.87) | < 0.001 | 0.63 (0.41, 0.86) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Low | 1.45 (1.21, 1.69) | < 0.001 | 1.45 (1.20, 1.69) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Not stated | 0.39 (−0.49, 1.28) | 0.382 | 0.40 (−0.48, 1.29) | 0.375 | ||||||
Parental control (ref: low) | ||||||||||
Medium | 0.41 (0.19, 0.64) | < 0.001 | 0.42 (0.19, 0.64) | < 0.001 | ||||||
High | 1.67 (1.42, 1.91) | < 0.001 | 1.67 (1.43, 1.92) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Not stated | 1.46 (0.58, 2.34) | 0.001 | 1.47 (0.59, 2.34) | 0.001 | ||||||
Family affluence (ref: high) | ||||||||||
Medium | 0.09 (−0.12, 0.30) | 0.393 | 0.09 (−0.12, 0.30) | 0.403 | ||||||
Low | 0.73 (0.18, 1.28) | 0.009 | 0.73 (0.18, 1.27) | 0.009 | ||||||
Not stated | −0.14 (−0.51, 0.23) | 0.457 | −0.14 (− 0.51, 0.23) | 0.455 | ||||||
Constant | 10.27 (10.04, 10.49) | < 0.001 | 10.28 (9.93, 10.63) | < 0.001 | 9.19 (8.80, 9.59) | < 0.001 | 7.71 (7.29, 8.14) | < 0.001 | 7.75 (7.33, 8.17) | < 0.001 |
Random effects | ||||||||||
Level 3 (school) | ||||||||||
Intercept | 0.21 (0.10, 0.45) | 0.10 (0.04, 0.31) | 0.09 (0.03, 0.28) | 0.07 (0.02, 0.26) | 0.07 (0.02, 0.25) | |||||
Level 2 (individual) | ||||||||||
Intercept | 11.41 (10.66, 12.20) | 11.21 (10.48, 12.00) | 10.39 (9.68, 11.14) | 8.88 (8.24, 9.58) | 8.89 (8.24, 9.58) | |||||
Residue | 12.79 (12.29, 13.32) | 12.70 (12.19, 13.22) | 12.49 (11.99, 13.01) | 12.14 (11.66, 12.65) | 12.15 (11.66, 12.66) |