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Table 2 The association between fruit and vegetable consumption and total difficulties score from 11 to 13 years to 14–16 years

From: Fruit and vegetable consumption and mental health across adolescence: evidence from a diverse urban British cohort study

 

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 3c

Model 4d

Model 5e

Coef (95% CI)

P

Coef (95% CI)

P

Coef (95% CI)

P

Coef (95% CI)

P

Coef (95% CI)

P

Fixed effects

Fruit and vegetable consumption (ref: ≥5 portions/day)

 1–4 portions/day

0.22 (0.00, 0.44)

0.054

0.26 (0.04, 0.49)

0.019

0.27 (0.05, 0.49)

0.016

0.13 (−0.09, 0.34)

0.242

0.13 (− 0.09, 0.34)

0.253

  < 1 portion/day

0.77 (0.51, 1.03)

< 0.001

0.85 (0.58, 1.11)

< 0.001

0.81 (0.54, 1.07)

< 0.001

0.56 (0.30, 0.81)

< 0.001

0.55 (0.29, 0.81)

< 0.001

 Not stated

0.91 (0.54, 1.28)

< 0.001

0.61 (0.22, 0.99)

0.002

−0.15 (−0.85, 0.55)

0.672

−0.40 (−1.09, 0.29)

0.254

−0.40 (−1.08, 0.28)

0.248

Age

  

−0.18 (− 0.23, − 0.12)

< 0.001

−0.28 (− 0.34, − 0.21)

< 0.001

−0.34 (− 0.41, − 0.27)

< 0.001

−0.34 (− 0.41, − 0.27)

< 0.001

Gender (ref: male)

 Female

  

0.90 (0.64, 1.16)

< 0.001

0.49 (0.23, 0.75)

< 0.001

0.34 (0.09, 0.59)

0.007

0.34 (0.09, 0.58)

0.007

Ethnicity (ref: White British)

 Black Caribbean

  

−0.38 (−0.81, 0.05)

0.083

−0.17 (− 0.59, 0.25)

0.425

− 0.43 (− 0.83, − 0.03)

0.037

−0.42 (− 0.82, − 0.02)

0.039

 Black African

  

−0.97 (−1.39, − 0.55)

< 0.001

−0.53 (− 0.94, − 0.11)

0.013

−0.71 (− 1.12, − 0.30)

0.001

−0.68 (− 1.08, − 0.28)

0.001

 Indian

  

−0.96 (− 1.48, − 0.44)

< 0.001

−0.67 (− 1.20, − 0.14)

0.014

−0.73 (− 1.24, − 0.21)

0.005

−0.62 (−1.12, − 0.13)

0.014

 Pakistani/Bangladeshi

  

−0.74 (−1.23, − 0.24)

0.004

−0.41 (− 0.93, 0.12)

0.133

−0.63 (− 1.14, − 0.12)

0.015

−0.50 (− 0.98, 0.02)

0.043

Parental care (ref: high)

 Medium

      

0.64 (0.41, 0.87)

< 0.001

0.63 (0.41, 0.86)

< 0.001

 Low

      

1.45 (1.21, 1.69)

< 0.001

1.45 (1.20, 1.69)

< 0.001

 Not stated

      

0.39 (−0.49, 1.28)

0.382

0.40 (−0.48, 1.29)

0.375

Parental control (ref: low)

 Medium

      

0.41 (0.19, 0.64)

< 0.001

0.42 (0.19, 0.64)

< 0.001

 High

      

1.67 (1.42, 1.91)

< 0.001

1.67 (1.43, 1.92)

< 0.001

 Not stated

      

1.46 (0.58, 2.34)

0.001

1.47 (0.59, 2.34)

0.001

Family affluence (ref: high)

 Medium

      

0.09 (−0.12, 0.30)

0.393

0.09 (−0.12, 0.30)

0.403

 Low

      

0.73 (0.18, 1.28)

0.009

0.73 (0.18, 1.27)

0.009

 Not stated

      

−0.14 (−0.51, 0.23)

0.457

−0.14 (− 0.51, 0.23)

0.455

Constant

10.27 (10.04, 10.49)

< 0.001

10.28 (9.93, 10.63)

< 0.001

9.19 (8.80, 9.59)

< 0.001

7.71 (7.29, 8.14)

< 0.001

7.75 (7.33, 8.17)

< 0.001

Random effects

Level 3 (school)

 Intercept

0.21 (0.10, 0.45)

 

0.10 (0.04, 0.31)

 

0.09 (0.03, 0.28)

 

0.07 (0.02, 0.26)

 

0.07 (0.02, 0.25)

 

Level 2 (individual)

 Intercept

11.41 (10.66, 12.20)

 

11.21 (10.48, 12.00)

 

10.39 (9.68, 11.14)

 

8.88 (8.24, 9.58)

 

8.89 (8.24, 9.58)

 

Residue

12.79 (12.29, 13.32)

 

12.70 (12.19, 13.22)

 

12.49 (11.99, 13.01)

 

12.14 (11.66, 12.65)

 

12.15 (11.66, 12.66)

 
  1. aModel 1: coefficients were estimated with linear-mixed models with random intercept, without any adjustments
  2. bModel 2: same as model 1 + adjustments for age, gender and ethnicity
  3. cModel 3: same as model 2 + adjustments for physical activity, current smoking, current alcohol consumption, special diet and diet-related anxiety
  4. dModel 4: same as model 3 + adjustments for paternal smoking, maternal smoking, paternal overweight, maternal overweight, parental care, parental control and family affluence
  5. eModel 5: based on Wald tests of variables in model 4, adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, physical activity, current smoking, current alcohol consumption, diet-related anxiety, paternal smoking, maternal smoking, paternal overweight, maternal overweight, parental care, parental control and family affluence