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Table 3 The association between fruit and vegetable consumption and probable clinical cases (total difficulties score > 17) from 11 to 13 years to 14–16 years

From: Fruit and vegetable consumption and mental health across adolescence: evidence from a diverse urban British cohort study

 

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 3c

Model 4d

Model 5e

OR (95% CI)

P

OR (95% CI)

P

OR (95% CI)

P

OR (95% CI)

P

OR (95% CI)

P

Fixed effects

Fruit and vegetable consumption (ref: ≥5 portions/day)

  1–4 portions/day

1.08 (0.86, 1.35)

0.498

1.12 (0.90–1.41)

0.315

1.14 (0.91–1.42)

0.271

1.06 (0.84–1.33)

0.631

1.06 (0.85–1.34)

0.595

   < 1 portion/day

1.51 (1.18, 1.94)

0.001

1.62 (1.26–2.09)

< 0.001

1.62 (1.25–2.09)

< 0.001

1.42 (1.10–1.84)

0.008

1.43 (1.11–1.85)

0.007

  Not stated

1.74 (1.22, 2.47)

0.002

1.44 (1.00–2.07)

0.049

1.80 (0.92–3.51)

0.084

1.69 (0.86–3.34)

0.130

1.72 (0.88–3.38)

0.112

Age

  

0.85 (0.80–0.90)

< 0.001

0.81 (0.76–0.88)

< 0.001

0.78 (0.73–0.85)

< 0.001

0.78 (0.73–0.84)

< 0.001

 Gender (ref: male)

 Female

  

1.70 (1.38–2.09)

< 0.001

1.36 (1.10–1.67)

0.004

1.26 (1.02–1.55)

0.034

1.26 (1.02–1.56)

0.029

Ethnicity (ref: White British)

 Black Caribbean

  

0.85 (0.60–1.21)

0.370

0.96 (0.68–1.35)

0.793

0.78 (0.55–1.11)

0.171

0.77 (0.54–1.09)

0.144

 Black African

  

0.68 (0.48–0.96)

0.026

0.78 (0.55–1.11)

0.167

0.67 (0.46–0.96)

0.030

0.63 (0.44–0.90)

0.011

 Indian

  

0.75 (0.49–1.15)

0.189

0.73 (0.46–1.14)

0.161

0.68 (0.43–1.07)

0.098

0.64 (0.41–1.01)

0.053

 Pakistani/Bangladeshi

  

0.76 (0.50–1.14)

0.186

0.68 (0.43–1.06)

0.091

0.57 (0.36–0.89)

0.015

0.54 (0.34–0.84)

0.007

Parental care (ref: high)

 Medium

      

1.23 (0.94–1.60)

0.129

1.22 (0.94–1.59)

0.140

 Low

      

2.07 (1.60–2.68)

< 0.001

2.07 (1.60–2.67)

< 0.001

 Not stated

      

0.82 (0.34–2.02)

0.673

0.81 (0.33–1.97)

0.637

Parental control (ref: low)

 Medium

      

1.01 (0.77–1.32)

0.961

1.00 (0.77–1.31)

0.984

 High

      

2.54 (1.96–3.30)

< 0.001

2.54 (1.95–3.29)

< 0.001

 Not stated

      

2.65 (1.14–6.16)

0.024

2.62 (1.13–6.08)

0.025

Family affluence (ref: high)

 Medium

      

1.17 (0.95–1.45)

0.138

  

 Low

      

1.15 (0.69–1.93)

0.583

  

 Not stated

      

1.05 (0.73–1.53)

0.783

  

Constant

0.03 (0.02, 0.04)

< 0.001

0.027 (0.019, 0.039)

< 0.001

0.018 (0.012, 0.027)

< 0.001

0.008 (0.005, 0.014)

< 0.001

0.009 (0.006, 0.015)

< 0.001

Random effects

Level 3 (school)

 Intercept

0.01 (0.00, 10.43)

 

0.000

 

0.000

 

0.000

 

0.000

 

Level 3 (school) > Level 2 (individual)

 Intercept

3.13 (2.42, 4.07)

 

3.04 (2.34, 3.95)

 

2.68 (2.04, 3.51)

 

2.48 (1.87, 3.29)

 

2.48 (1.87, 3.29)

 
  1. aModel 1: odds ratios were estimated with mixed-effects logistic regression with random intercept, without any adjustments
  2. bModel 2: same as model 1 + adjustments for age, gender and ethnicity
  3. cModel 3: same as model 2 + adjustments for physical activity, current smoking, current alcohol consumption, special diet and diet-related anxiety
  4. dModel 4: same as model 3 + adjustments for paternal smoking, maternal smoking, paternal overweight, maternal overweight, parental care, parental control and family affluence
  5. eModel 5: based on Wald tests of variables in model 4, adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, physical activity, current smoking, current alcohol consumption, special diet, diet-related anxiety, paternal smoking, paternal overweight, maternal overweight, parental care and parental control