Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d | Model 5e | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
Fixed effects | ||||||||||
Fruit and vegetable consumption (ref: ≥5 portions/day) | ||||||||||
1–4 portions/day | 1.08 (0.86, 1.35) | 0.498 | 1.12 (0.90–1.41) | 0.315 | 1.14 (0.91–1.42) | 0.271 | 1.06 (0.84–1.33) | 0.631 | 1.06 (0.85–1.34) | 0.595 |
< 1 portion/day | 1.51 (1.18, 1.94) | 0.001 | 1.62 (1.26–2.09) | < 0.001 | 1.62 (1.25–2.09) | < 0.001 | 1.42 (1.10–1.84) | 0.008 | 1.43 (1.11–1.85) | 0.007 |
Not stated | 1.74 (1.22, 2.47) | 0.002 | 1.44 (1.00–2.07) | 0.049 | 1.80 (0.92–3.51) | 0.084 | 1.69 (0.86–3.34) | 0.130 | 1.72 (0.88–3.38) | 0.112 |
Age | 0.85 (0.80–0.90) | < 0.001 | 0.81 (0.76–0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.78 (0.73–0.85) | < 0.001 | 0.78 (0.73–0.84) | < 0.001 | ||
Gender (ref: male) | ||||||||||
Female | 1.70 (1.38–2.09) | < 0.001 | 1.36 (1.10–1.67) | 0.004 | 1.26 (1.02–1.55) | 0.034 | 1.26 (1.02–1.56) | 0.029 | ||
Ethnicity (ref: White British) | ||||||||||
Black Caribbean | 0.85 (0.60–1.21) | 0.370 | 0.96 (0.68–1.35) | 0.793 | 0.78 (0.55–1.11) | 0.171 | 0.77 (0.54–1.09) | 0.144 | ||
Black African | 0.68 (0.48–0.96) | 0.026 | 0.78 (0.55–1.11) | 0.167 | 0.67 (0.46–0.96) | 0.030 | 0.63 (0.44–0.90) | 0.011 | ||
Indian | 0.75 (0.49–1.15) | 0.189 | 0.73 (0.46–1.14) | 0.161 | 0.68 (0.43–1.07) | 0.098 | 0.64 (0.41–1.01) | 0.053 | ||
Pakistani/Bangladeshi | 0.76 (0.50–1.14) | 0.186 | 0.68 (0.43–1.06) | 0.091 | 0.57 (0.36–0.89) | 0.015 | 0.54 (0.34–0.84) | 0.007 | ||
Parental care (ref: high) | ||||||||||
Medium | 1.23 (0.94–1.60) | 0.129 | 1.22 (0.94–1.59) | 0.140 | ||||||
Low | 2.07 (1.60–2.68) | < 0.001 | 2.07 (1.60–2.67) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Not stated | 0.82 (0.34–2.02) | 0.673 | 0.81 (0.33–1.97) | 0.637 | ||||||
Parental control (ref: low) | ||||||||||
Medium | 1.01 (0.77–1.32) | 0.961 | 1.00 (0.77–1.31) | 0.984 | ||||||
High | 2.54 (1.96–3.30) | < 0.001 | 2.54 (1.95–3.29) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Not stated | 2.65 (1.14–6.16) | 0.024 | 2.62 (1.13–6.08) | 0.025 | ||||||
Family affluence (ref: high) | ||||||||||
Medium | 1.17 (0.95–1.45) | 0.138 | ||||||||
Low | 1.15 (0.69–1.93) | 0.583 | ||||||||
Not stated | 1.05 (0.73–1.53) | 0.783 | ||||||||
Constant | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | < 0.001 | 0.027 (0.019, 0.039) | < 0.001 | 0.018 (0.012, 0.027) | < 0.001 | 0.008 (0.005, 0.014) | < 0.001 | 0.009 (0.006, 0.015) | < 0.001 |
Random effects | ||||||||||
Level 3 (school) | ||||||||||
Intercept | 0.01 (0.00, 10.43) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
Level 3 (school) > Level 2 (individual) | ||||||||||
Intercept | 3.13 (2.42, 4.07) | 3.04 (2.34, 3.95) | 2.68 (2.04, 3.51) | 2.48 (1.87, 3.29) | 2.48 (1.87, 3.29) |