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Table 4 Meta-analysis results- effect sizes and heterogeneity
| Outcome | No. of studies | Total number of participants | Effect size | Heterogeneity | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hedges’ g (95% CI) | P-value | I2 | P-value | |||
| Physical function - Yoga vs inactive controls | ||||||
| Balance | 7 | 265 | 0.70 (0.19 to 1.22) | 0.01 | 72.15 | 0.001 |
| Body composition | 4 | 314 | 0.16 (−0.06 to 0.38) | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.91 |
| Lower body flexibility | 7 | 431 | 0.50 (0.3 to 0.69) | < 0.001 | 0.00 | 0.88 |
| Lower limb strength | 7 | 485 | 0.45 (0.22 to 0.68) | < 0.001 | 32.70 | 0.17 |
| Upper body flexibility | 4 | 166 | 0.28 (−0.02 to 0.58) | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.87 |
| Walking speed | 5 | 377 | 0.38 (−0.02 to 0.78) | 0.06 | 72.69 | 0.003 |
| Physical function - Yoga vs active controls | ||||||
| Balance | 5 | 264 | 0.32 (−0.02 to 0.66) | 0.07 | 34.74 | 0.18 |
| Lower body flexibility | 3 | 225 | 0.28 (0.01 to 0.54) | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.59 |
| Lower limb strength | 3 | 225 | 0.49 (0.1 to 0.88) | 0.01 | 47.44 | 0.15 |
| Mobility | 3 | 173 | 0.31 (−0.25 to 0.87) | 0.28 | 58.73 | 0.06 |
| Walking speed | 3 | 192 | −0.29 (− 0.79 to 0.22) | 0.26 | 57.41 | 0.07 |
| HRQoL - Yoga vs inactive controls | ||||||
| Depression | 8 | 450 | 0.64 (0.32 to 0.95) | < 0.001 | 57.09 | 0.02 |
| Fear of falls | 3 | 104 | 0.39 (−0.45 to 1.24) | 0.36 | 75.64 | 0.02 |
| Perceived mental health | 9 | 554 | 0.6 (0.33 to 0.87) | < 0.001 | 54.87 | 0.02 |
| Perceived physical health | 5 | 400 | 0.61 (0.29 to 0.94) | < 0.001 | 58.55 | 0.05 |
| Sleep quality | 4 | 353 | 0.65 (0.41 to 0.88) | < 0.001 | 13.06 | 0.33 |
| Social health | 3 | 225 | 0.27 (−0.15 to 0.69) | 0.2 | 51.76 | 0.13 |
| Vitality | 3 | 196 | 0.31 (0.03 to 0.59) | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.83 |
| HRQoL - Yoga vs active controls | ||||||
| Anxiety | 3 | 206 | 0.43 (−0.03 to 0.88) | 0.06 | 50.03 | 0.11 |
| Depression | 4 | 215 | 0.54 (0.25 to 0.83) | < 0.001 | 8.61 | 0.36 |
| Perceived mental health | 3 | 183 | 0.26 (−0.03 to 0.55) | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.81 |
