Table 2 Changes in Physical Activity, Neighborhood Environment and Social Norms for Study Participants From Baseline to Follow-Up, By Neighborhood
| Â | Intervention (Hill District) | Comparison (Homewood) | Difference-in-Difference | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | Baseline Percent, Mean (SE) (n = 481) | Change + Percent, Mean (SE) (n = 481) | p-value | Baseline Percent, Mean(SE) (n = 195) | Change + Percent, Mean (SE) (n = 195) | p-value | HD Change - HW Change (n = 676) | p-value |
Health Outcomes | ||||||||
 Daily MVPA in minutes for those participants who were physically functional | 6.89 (0.90) | − 0.83 (0.80) | 0.299 | 6.18 (1.22) | − 1.06 (1.36) | 0.435 | 0.24 | 0.813 |
 Self-reported average min/week walking place to place for those participants who were physically functional | 197.74 (15.02) | 20.22 (20.63) | 0.327 | 201.93 (25.71) | −16.18 (25.44) | 0.525 | 36.40 | 0.270 |
 Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 30.73 (0.32) | −0.43 (0.16) | 0.009 | 31.68 (0.67) | −0.64 (0.27) | 0.015 | 0.22 | 0.487 |
  Obese (% with BMI > =30) | 49.17 | −2.89 | 0.072 | 53.57 | −2.95 | 0.289 | 0.06 | 0.983 |
  Overweight or Obese (% with BMI > =25) | 79.46 | −2.35 | 0.090 | 79.30 | −3.78 | 0.047 | 1.43 | 0.568 |
 Psychological Distress (K6) | 4.23 (0.20) | −0.00 (0.20) | 0.99 | 4.84 (0.35) | −0.22 (0.33) | 0.505 | 0.22 | 0.587 |
Neighborhood Environment | ||||||||
 Perceived Infrastructure (e.g. sidewalks, lighting, crosswalks, pedestrian signals) (5 point scale) | 3.28 (0.03) | 0.22 (0.03) | <.0001 | 3.06 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.024 | 0.08 | 0.238 |
 Aesthetics (e.g. trees, interesting things, attractive sights) (5 point scale) | 3.00 (0.04) | 0.22 (0.04) | <.0001 | 2.48 (0.07) | 0.26 (0.07) | <.0001 | −0.04 | 0.575 |
 Safety (5 point scale) | 3.03 (0.03) | 0.15 (0.03) | <.0001 | 2.55 (0.06) | 0.23 (0.06) | 0.0002 | −0.08 | 0.280 |
 Satisfaction with one’s neighborhood as a place to live (% satisfied or very satisfied) | 69.49 | 3.89 | 0.117 | 42.64 | 9.78 | 0.024 | −5.89 | 0.342 |
 Social Cohesion | 3.11 (0.04) | 0.13 (0.04) | 0.0005 | 2.96 (0.07) | 0.21 (0.06) | 0.001 | −0.08 | 0.296 |
 Many places in easy walking distance of home (% who agree or strongly agree) | 45.28 | 21.86 | <.0001 | 33.06 | 12.89 | 0.004 | 8.97 | 0.107 |
 Traffic along nearby streets makes it difficult or unpleasant to walk (% who agree or strongly agree) | 27.94 | −6.24 | 0.014 | 34.68 | −4.81 | 0.301 | −1.43 | 0.648 |
Social Norms and Environment | ||||||||
 How often do your friend and family participate in physical activity (PA)? | 2.92 (0.05) | −0.06 (0.06) | 0.363 | 2.93 (0.08) | 0.26 (0.12) | 0.040 | −0.31 | 0.024 |
 How often do you see people in your neighborhood participating in PA? | 3.20 (0.06) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.221 | 3.21 (0.10) | −0.03 (0.10) | 0.743 | 0.12 | 0.335 |
 High intentions to engage in PA (% who intend) | 60.19 | −5.35 | 0.053 | 60.98 | −7.26 | 0.116 | 1.91 | 0.723 |
 High barriers to PA (%) | 12.09 | −5.98 | 0.0004 | 28.63 | −19.57 | <.0001 | 13.59 | 0.093 |
 Self-efficacy to engage in PA | 5.34 (0.11) | −0.03 (0.12) | 0.808 | 5.67 (0.17) | 0.16 (0.17) | 0.341 | −0.19 | 0.358 |
 Outcome expectancies | 3.98 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.04) | 0.351 | 3.96 (0.05) | −0.05 (0.05) | 0.336 | 0.02 | 0.792 |