Table 4 Repeated-measures ANOVA results for sugars, sodium, saturated fats, and calories in beverage and food purchase selections within an experimental marketplace with varied tax and FOP label conditions (N = 3584)

  Tax condition

F (3.95, 14126.96) = 68.55^*

F (3.98, 14233.92) = 10.01^*

F (3.97, 14219.73) = 3.45^*

F (3.96, 14158.14) = 71.78^*

  Label condition

F (4, 3579) = 1.63

F (4, 3579) = 0.89

F (4, 3579) = 1.74

F (4, 3579) = 2.50^*

  Tax condition × Label condition

F (15.79, 14126.96) = 0.45

F (15.91, 14233.92) = 1.23

F (15.89, 14219.73) = 1.23

F (15.82, 14158.14) = 0.44

 Pairwise comparisons: Tax conditions

Mean difference

g (95% CI)

Mean difference

mg (95% CI)

Mean difference

g (95% CI)

Mean difference

kcal (95% CI)

  no tax – 20% SSB

3.68 (3.02, 4.34)^*

6.62 (4.27, 8.97)^*

0.03 (0.01, 0.06)^*

14.47 (11.84, 17.09)^*

  no tax – 20% SD

4.77 (4.10, 5.45)^*

2.51 (0.04, 4.97)^*

-0.001 (-0.03, 0.03)

19.78 (17.11, 22.46)^*

  no tax – tiered SSB

3.61 (2.97, 4.25)^*

3.51 (1.08, 5.93)^*

0.04 (0.01, 0.07)^*

14.27 (11.73, 16.82)^*

  no tax – tiered SD

4.22 (3.56, 4.87)^*

0.02 (-2.50, 2.54)

0.01 (-0.02, 0.03)

17.42 (14.81, 20.02)^*

  20% SSB – 20% SD

1.09 (0.48, 1.70)^*

-4.11 (-6.45, -1.77)^*

-0.03 (-0.06, -0.01)^*

5.32 (2.82, 7.82)^*

  20% SSB – tiered SSB

-0.07 (-0.69, 0.55)

-3.12 (-5.50, -0.73)^*

0.01 (-0.02, 0.04)

-0.19 (-2.66, 2.28)

  20% SSB – tiered SD

0.54 (-0.08, 1.15)

-6.60 (-9.05, -4.15)^*

-0.02 (-0.05, 0.01)

2.95 (0.46, 5.45)*

  20% SD – tiered SSB

-1.16 (-1.77, -0.55)*

1.00 (-1.41, 3.40)

0.04 (0.01, 0.07)^*

-5.51 (-7.99, -3.03)^*

  20% SD – tiered SD

-0.55 (-1.16, 0.05)

-2.49 (-4.88, -0.09)^*

0.01 (-0.02, 0.03)

-2.36 (-4.75, 0.02)

  tiered SSB – tiered SD

0.61 (-0.01, 1.22)

-3.48 (-5.89, -1.08)^*

-0.03 (-0.06, -0.01)^*

3.15 (0.69, 5.60)^*

 Pairwise comparisons: Label conditions

Mean difference

g (95% CI)

Mean difference

mg (95% CI)

Mean difference

g (95% CI)

Mean difference

kcal (95% CI)

  no label – high in

2.50 (0.56, 4.45)^*

5.35 (-1.27, 11.97)

0.10 (0.02, 0.18)^*

12.62 (4.65, 20.59)^*

  no label – MTL

1.18 (-0.77, 3.13)

3.92 (-2.71, 10.55)

0.08 (-0.01, 0.16)

7.36 (-0.62, 15.34)

  no label – health star rating

1.53 (-0.42, 3.47)

4.87 (-1.74, 11.48)

0.06 (-0.02, 0.14)

7.03 (-0.93, 14.98)

  no label – nutrition grade

1.22 (-0.72, 3.16)

1.73 (-4.88, 8.35)

0.03 (-0.05, 0.11)

5.16 (-2.80, 13.12)

  high in – MTL

-1.32 (-3.28, 0.64)

-1.43 (-8.09, 5.23)

-0.02 (-0.10, 0.06)

-5.26 (-13.28, 2.75)

  high in – health star rating

-0.98 (-2.93, 0.98)

-0.48 (-7.12, 6.16)

-0.04 (-0.12, 0.04)

-5.59 (-13.58, 2.40)

  high in – nutrition grade

-1.28 (-3.23, 0.67)

-3.62 (-10.25, 3.02)

-0.07 (-0.15, 0.02)

-7.47 (-15.34, 0.62)

  MTL – health star rating

0.35 (-1.61, 2.30)

0.95 (-5.70, 7.60)

-0.02 (-0.10, 0.06)

-0.33 (-8.34, 7.67)

  MTL – nutrition grade

0.04 (-1.92, 1.99)

-2.19 (-8.84, 4.47)

-0.05 (-0.13, 0.03)

-2.20 (-10.21, 5.80)

  health star rating – nutrition grade

-0.31 (-2.26, 1.64)

-3.13 (-9.76, 3.50)

-0.03 (-0.11, 0.06)

-1.87 (-9.85, 6.11)

  Tax condition

F (1.99, 7125.23) = 50.02^*

F (2, 7158) = 2.64

F (2.00, 7145.09) = 5.12^*

F (2, 7158) = 15.04^*

  Label condition

F (4, 3579) = 0.28

F (4, 3579) = 2.24

F (4, 3579) = 1.48

F (4, 3579) = 2.87^*

  Tax condition × Label condition

F (7.96, 7125.23) = 0.84

F (8, 7158) = 0.61

F (7.99, 7145.09) = 1.19

F (8, 7158) = 0.99

 Pairwise comparisons: Tax conditions

Mean difference

g (95% CI)

Mean difference

mg (95% CI)

Mean difference

g (95% CI)

Mean difference

kcal (95% CI)

  no tax – 20%

1.54 (1.20, 1.88)^*

-3.93 (-8.08, 0.22)

0.08 (0.03, 0.13)^*

6.71 (4.20, 9.21)^*

  no tax – tiered

1.37 (1.04, 1.71)^*

-4.42 (-8.59, -0.26)^*

0.05 (0.01, 0.10)^*

5.31 (2.77, 7.85)^*

  20% – tiered

-0.16 (-0.48, 0.16)

-0.49 (-4.58, 3.60)

-0.03 (-0.08, 0.02)

-1.40 (-3.94, 1.15)

 Pairwise comparisons: Label conditions

Mean difference

g (95% CI)

Mean difference

mg (95% CI)

Mean difference

g (95% CI)

Mean difference

kcal (95% CI)

  no label – high in

0.24 (-0.64, 1.12)

13.42 (0.78, 26.05)^*

0.12 (-0.01, 0.26)

8.97 (1.10, 16.84)^*

  no label – MTL

-0.04 (-0.92, 0.85)

15.03 (2.37, 27.69)^*

0.12 (-0.02, 0.25)

11.43 (3.55, 19.31)^*

  no label – health star rating

0.33 (-0.55, 1.21)

11.50 (-1.12, 24.12)

0.10 (-0.03, 0.23)

8.05 (0.19, 15.91)^*

  no label – nutrition grade

0.28 (-0.60, 1.16)

2.27 (-10.35, 14.89)

0.02 (-0.12, 0.15)

2.23 (-5.63, 10.09)

  high in – MTL

-0.27 (-1.16, 0.61)

1.61 (-11.10, 14.32)

-0.004 (-0.14, 0.13)

2.46 (-5.46, 10.38)

  high in – health star rating

0.09 (-0.79, 0.97)

-1.92 (-14.59, 10.75)

-0.02 (-0.16, 0.11)

-0.92 (-8.81, 6.97)

  high in – nutrition grade

0.04 (-0.84, 0.92)

-11.15 (-23.82, 1.53)

-0.11 (-0.24, 0.03)

-6.74 (-14.63, 1.16)

  MTL – health star rating

0.36 (-0.52, 1.25)

-3.53 (-16.22, 9.17)

-0.02 (-0.15, 0.12)

-3.38 (-11.28, 4.53)

  MTL – nutrition grade

0.31 (-0.57, 1.20)

-12.76 (-25.45, -0.06)^*

-0.10 (-0.24, 0.03)

-9.20 (-17.10, -1.29)^*

  health star rating – nutrition grade

-0.05 (-0.93, 0.83)

-9.23 (-21.89, 3.43)

-0.08 (-0.22, 0.05)

-5.82 (-13.70, 2.07)