Joint physical-activity/screen-time trajectories during early childhood: socio-demographic predictors and consequences on health-related quality-of-life and socio-emotional outcomes

Table 4 Associations between joint physical-activity/screen-time trajectories and socio-emotional outcomes (SDQ)

	SDQ - total score				SDQ - hyperactivity				SDQ - peer problems				SDQ - conduct problems				SDQ - emotional problems
	β	95% CI	ES	p	β	95% CI	ES	p	β	95% CI	ES	p	β	95% CI	ES	p	β	95% CI	ES	p
B-cohort (0–5 years)
Joint trajectories (Reference: Increasing activity-low screen)
Low activity- low screen	−0.22	−0.65 – 0.21	−0.05	.313	−0.03	− 0.23 – 0.17	−0.01	.776	−0.08	− 0.22 – 0.06	−0.05	.290	−0.06	− 0.23 – 0.11	−0.03	.503	−0.06	− 0.21 – 0.08	−0.04	.388
Low activity- increasing screen	0.69^a	0.19–1.19	0.15	.007	0.36^a	0.13–0.59	0.18	.002	0.13^a	−0.03 – 0.29	0.09	.112	0.13^a	−0.07 – 0.33	0.08	.193	0.07^b	−0.10 – 0.23	0.05	.430
Cases	2218				2218				2219				2219				2219
R² / adjusted R²	.103 / .098				.076 / 0.071				.055 / 0.050				.054 / 0.050				.041 / 0.036
B K-cohort (4–9 years)
Joint trajectories (Reference: Increasing activity-low screen)
Low activity- low screen	0.46	−0.03 – 0.94	0.09	.068	0.07	− 0.16 – 0.29	0.03	.570	0.24	0.09–0.40	0.16	.002	0.00	− 0.14 – 0.14	0.00	.999	0.15	− 0.02 – 0.32	0.09	.086
Low activity- increasing screen	0.74	0.18–1.30	0.15	.010	0.24	− 0.02 – 0.50	0.10	.070	0.39^b	0.21–0.57	0.25	<.001	− 0.03	− 0.19 – 0.13	−0.02	.702	0.14	− 0.05 – 0.33	0.08	.152
Cases	2062				2062				2062				2062				2063
R² / adjusted R²	.135 / .131				.111 / .106				.077 / .072				.065 / .060				.076 / .071

LSAC data, Waves 1–3. SDQ Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Unstandardized coefficients from ordinary least square regression models. All models control for child’s gender (male/female), age (in months), Indigenous background (yes/no), birth weight at or below 2.5 kg. (yes/no), and area-level socio-economic background (measured by the Socio-Economic Index for Areas), main caregiver’s mental health (measured by the Kessler 6 scale), main language spoken at home (English/other), weekly parental income (adjusted to 2008 prices using the Consumer Price Index), and whether the study child has siblings (yes/no) and two biological parents (yes/no) in the household. ^a statistically significantly different from coefficient on low activity-low screen (p < 0.05) in a Wald test, or ^b trending towards being significantly different (p < 0.1). ES Effect size, calculated as β × (SD_x/SD_y)
Bold data is statistically significant

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