Evaluation of the first U.S. staple foods ordinance: impact on nutritional quality of food store offerings, customer purchases and home food environments

Table 3 Descriptive characteristics of participating customers in intercept surveys, Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN, 2014–2017 (n = 3,039)

	Time 1		Time 2		Time 3		Time 4
	Pre-policy change, 2014		Implementation only, no enforcement, 2015		Early initiation of enforcement, 2016		Continued monitoring, 2017
	Minneapolis (n = 352)	St. Paul (n = 316)	Minneapolis (n = 451)	St. Paul (n = 316)	Minneapolis (n = 378)	St. Paul (n = 425)	Minneapolis (n = 454)	St. Paul (n = 347)
	Mean (SD)
Age (years)	39 (15)	42 (15)	37 (14)	39 (14)	39 (14)	38 (14)	39 (15)	42 (15)
	Percent
Sex: male	60	52	57	54	59	56	63	53
Race/ethnicity
Hispanic	3	4	5	8	5	8	4	3
Non-Hispanic
White	48	45	40	41	38	41	34	42
Black	34	38	37	36	40	36	40	38
American Indian/Alaskan Native	5	3	5	3	7	3	6	2
Asian	3	4	4	3	2	5	3	2
Other race	4	4	4	3	5	4	6	6
Multi-race	3	4	4	6	3	4	7	7
Education
High school diploma or less	37	39	37	34	40	41	39	38
Some college	37	35	37	43	37	35	38	40
Bachelor’s degree or higher	26	25	26	23	23	24	24	22
Employment
Employed	62	65	67	73	65	72	64	67
Unemployed/disability	28	23	20	13	25	18	21	21
Other (student, retired)	10	11	13	14	10	10	15	12
Frequency of shopping at store
Less than once a week	25	29	26	24	27	27	25	27
1–6 times a week	45	43	44	47	42	45	41	41
At least once a day	30	28	30	28	31	28	33	32
Weight status
Overweight (BMI ≥ 25, < 30 kg/m²)	30	31	34	34	31	29	38	35
Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²)	32	33	26	34	29	39	30	37

Note: Bold text indicates significant chi-square test (p < .05) between cities within time point
Note: Number of missing values (if any) for each variable for each time point: Time 1: age = 2, sex = 3, race/ethnicity = 3, education = 2, employment = 1, frequency of shopping at store = 1, weight status = 22; Time 2: age = 12, sex = 5, race/ethnicity = 5, education = 7, employment = 7, frequency of shopping at store = 3, weight status = 23; Time 3: age = 10, sex = 3, race/ethnicity = 8, education = 4, employment = 6, weight status = 37; Time 4: age = 12, sex = 1, race/ethnicity = 9, education = 5, employment = 4, frequency of shopping at store = 4, weight status = 34

ISSN: 1479-5868