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Table 4 Impact of the Minneapolis Staple Foods Ordinance over time on healthy food availability in stores, 2014–2017 (n = 155 stores)

From: Evaluation of the first U.S. staple foods ordinance: impact on nutritional quality of food store offerings, customer purchases and home food environments

Outcome

City

    

Overall Effects

  

Time 1

Time 2

Time 3

Time 4

  
  

Pre-policy change, 2014

Implementation only, no enforcement, 2015

Early initiation of enforcement, 2016

Continued monitoring, 2017

Main effects

Interaction

      

Time

City

Time x City

  

% (SE)

% (SE)

% (SE)

% (SE)

P(df = 3)

P(df = 1)

P(df = 3)

Primary outcome

 Healthy Food Supply (HFS) score

Minneapolis

10.6 (0.5)

11.0 (0.5)

11.3 (0.4)

11.8 (0.5)

0.008

0.0007

0.99

 

St. Paul

8.7 (0.4)

8.9 (0.5)

9.3 (0.5)

9.7 (0.6)

   
 

p-net

–

p = 0.79

p = 0.90

p = 0.85

   

Compliance

 Met all ordinance standards

Minneapolis

7.4 (2.9)

13.7 (3.9)

11.5 (3.6)

9.6 (3.4)

0.22

0.003

0.57

 

St. Paul

0.4 (0.4)

2.1 (1.7)

1.9 (1.7)

4.0 (2.5)

   
 

p-net

–

p = 0.26

p = 0.51

p = 0.73

   

 Met ≥80% of ordinance standards

Minneapolis

24.4 (4.9)

40.7 (5.6)

31.0 (5.2)

50.5 (5.9)

0.0003

< 0.0001

0.83

 

St. Paul

3.2 (2.2)

11.6 (4.1)

6.7 (3.2)

14.4 (4.7)

   
 

p-net

–

p = 0.35

p = 0.56

p = 0.55

   

 Met ≥60% of ordinance standards

Minneapolis

52.7 (5.8)

61.1 (5.6)

75.2 (4.9)

76.0 (5.1)

0.0004

0.0002

0.37

 

St. Paul

35.4 (6.1)

39.9 (6.3)

43.7 (6.4)

48.9 (6.7)

   
 

p-net

–

p = 0.64

p = 0.10

p = 0.24

   

Met ordinance standards for specific categories:

 Milk and milk alternatives

Minneapolis

73.0 (5.6)

83.1 (4.3)

79.6 (4.9)

77.5 (5.4)

0.13

0.42

0.25

St. Paul

69.1 (6.0)

69.6 (5.8)

74.8 (5.6)

80.8 (5.0)

   
 

p-net

–

p = 0.11

p = 0.85

p = 0.39

   

Eggs

Minneapolis

65.6 (5.5)

66.1 (5.4)

59.1 (5.7)

60.5 (5.8)

0.99

0.11

0.37

 

St. Paul

50.2 (6.3)

51.9 (6.4)

58.5 (6.4)

53.9 (6.6)

   
 

p-net

–

p = 0.90

p = 0.14

p = 0.43

   

 Cheese

Minneapolis

46.9 (5.9)

57.2 (5.7)

52.9 (5.7)

61.7 (5.8)

0.21

0.09

0.42

 

St. Paul

39.7 (6.3)

41.1 (6.4)

45.4 (6.5)

43.5 (6.7)

   
 

p-net

–

p = 0.25

p = 0.98

p = 0.23

   

 100% juice

Minneapolis

59.0 (5.9)

79.3 (4.7)

74.0 (5.0)

76.1 (5.1)

0.001

0.04

0.11

 

St. Paul

52.0 (6.4)

54.4 (6.5)

64.3 (6.2)

69.3 (6.1)

   
 

p-net

–

p = 0.02

p = 0.65

p = 0.89

   

 Fruit/Vegetable

Minneapolis

32.0 (5.3)

40.5 (5.5)

39.9 (5.6)

54.7 (5.9)

0.0007

0.009

0.95

 

St. Paul

19.3 (5.0)

23.3 (5.5)

21.8 (5.4)

32.6 (6.4)

   
 

p-net

–

p = 0.71

p = 0.61

p = 0.57

   

 Meat and vegetable protein

Minneapolis

82.9 (4.3)

91.0 (3.3)

93.5 (2.9)

95.8 (2.4)

< 0.0001

0.95

0.96

 

St. Paul

83.1 (4.7)

92.0 (3.4)

91.9 (3.5)

96.6 (2.4)

   
 

p-net

–

p = 0.80

p = 0.70

p = 0.83

.

  

 Canned beans and legumes

Minneapolis

39.2 (5.6)

48.3 (5.7)

64.7 (5.6)

67.8 (5.6)

0.0002

< 0.0001

0.42

 

St. Paul

14.5 (4.5)

21.8 (5.3)

21.5 (5.3)

26.5 (5.8)

   
 

p-net

–

p = 0.76

p = 0.27

p = 0.32

   

 Dried peas and beans

Minneapolis

41.2 (5.8)

50.2 (5.9)

67.8 (5.6)

83.0 (4.6)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 

St. Paul

26.8 (5.8)

33.9 (6.0)

29.0 (5.7)

28.6 (6.0)

   
 

p-net

–

p = 0.94

p = 0.01

p = < 0.0001

   

 Whole grain cereal

Minneapolis

76.6 (5.0)

85.2 (4.2)

82.8 (4.6)

81.2 (4.7)

0.08

0.04

0.38

 

St. Paul

63.1 (6.0)

66.7 (6.4)

70.5 (5.8)

78.0 (5.4)

   
 

p-net

–

p = 0.37

p = 0.90

p = 0.28

   

 Other whole grains

Minneapolis

49.2 (5.7)

47.3 (5.6)

49.2 (5.7)

61.9 (5.8)

0.10

<.0001

0.10

 

St. Paul

24.3 (5.4)

28.5 (5.8)

15.1 (4.6)

23.4 (5.7)

   
 

p-net

–

p = 0.41

p = 0.23

p = 0.22

   
  1. Note: Models are adjusted for repeated measures over time and for neighborhood race/ethnicity (the only covariate that was significant in bivariate comparisons between Minneapolis and St. Paul at baseline); HFSS is a linear regression model due to a continuous outcome; full compliance is a linear regression model due to zero cell for St. Paul at baseline causing non-convergence in logistic regression model; all others are logistic regression models; p-net values refer to changes in time*city effect from Time1 to Time 2, Time 1 to Time 3, and Time 1 to Time 4 respectively
  2. Note: Number of missing values (if any) for each outcome variable at each time point: Time 1: eggs = 2; cheese = 7, canned beans = 2, dried beans = 1, cereal = 1, grains = 1; Time 2: eggs = 2, cheese = 2, juice = 1, meat = 1, canned beans = 3, dried beans = 2, cereal = 2, grains = 1; Time 3: eggs = 1, canned beans = 1, dried beans = 1; Time 4: dried beans = 2
  3. Bolded values denote p < 0.05