Outcome | City | Â | Â | Â | Â | Overall Effects | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | Time 4 |  |  | |
 |  | Pre-policy change, 2014 | Implementation only, no enforcement, 2015 | Early initiation of enforcement, 2016 | Continued monitoring, 2017 | Main effects | Interaction | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Time | City | Time x City |
 |  | % (SE) | % (SE) | % (SE) | % (SE) | P(df = 3) | P(df = 1) | P(df = 3) |
Primary outcome | ||||||||
 Healthy Food Supply (HFS) score | Minneapolis | 10.6 (0.5) | 11.0 (0.5) | 11.3 (0.4) | 11.8 (0.5) | 0.008 | 0.0007 | 0.99 |
 | St. Paul | 8.7 (0.4) | 8.9 (0.5) | 9.3 (0.5) | 9.7 (0.6) |  |  |  |
 | p-net | – | p = 0.79 | p = 0.90 | p = 0.85 |  |  |  |
Compliance | ||||||||
 Met all ordinance standards | Minneapolis | 7.4 (2.9) | 13.7 (3.9) | 11.5 (3.6) | 9.6 (3.4) | 0.22 | 0.003 | 0.57 |
 | St. Paul | 0.4 (0.4) | 2.1 (1.7) | 1.9 (1.7) | 4.0 (2.5) |  |  |  |
 | p-net | – | p = 0.26 | p = 0.51 | p = 0.73 |  |  |  |
 Met ≥80% of ordinance standards | Minneapolis | 24.4 (4.9) | 40.7 (5.6) | 31.0 (5.2) | 50.5 (5.9) | 0.0003 | < 0.0001 | 0.83 |
 | St. Paul | 3.2 (2.2) | 11.6 (4.1) | 6.7 (3.2) | 14.4 (4.7) |  |  |  |
 | p-net | – | p = 0.35 | p = 0.56 | p = 0.55 |  |  |  |
 Met ≥60% of ordinance standards | Minneapolis | 52.7 (5.8) | 61.1 (5.6) | 75.2 (4.9) | 76.0 (5.1) | 0.0004 | 0.0002 | 0.37 |
 | St. Paul | 35.4 (6.1) | 39.9 (6.3) | 43.7 (6.4) | 48.9 (6.7) |  |  |  |
 | p-net | – | p = 0.64 | p = 0.10 | p = 0.24 |  |  |  |
Met ordinance standards for specific categories: | ||||||||
 Milk and milk alternatives | Minneapolis | 73.0 (5.6) | 83.1 (4.3) | 79.6 (4.9) | 77.5 (5.4) | 0.13 | 0.42 | 0.25 |
St. Paul | 69.1 (6.0) | 69.6 (5.8) | 74.8 (5.6) | 80.8 (5.0) | Â | Â | Â | |
 | p-net | – | p = 0.11 | p = 0.85 | p = 0.39 |  |  |  |
Eggs | Minneapolis | 65.6 (5.5) | 66.1 (5.4) | 59.1 (5.7) | 60.5 (5.8) | 0.99 | 0.11 | 0.37 |
 | St. Paul | 50.2 (6.3) | 51.9 (6.4) | 58.5 (6.4) | 53.9 (6.6) |  |  |  |
 | p-net | – | p = 0.90 | p = 0.14 | p = 0.43 |  |  |  |
 Cheese | Minneapolis | 46.9 (5.9) | 57.2 (5.7) | 52.9 (5.7) | 61.7 (5.8) | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.42 |
 | St. Paul | 39.7 (6.3) | 41.1 (6.4) | 45.4 (6.5) | 43.5 (6.7) |  |  |  |
 | p-net | – | p = 0.25 | p = 0.98 | p = 0.23 |  |  |  |
 100% juice | Minneapolis | 59.0 (5.9) | 79.3 (4.7) | 74.0 (5.0) | 76.1 (5.1) | 0.001 | 0.04 | 0.11 |
 | St. Paul | 52.0 (6.4) | 54.4 (6.5) | 64.3 (6.2) | 69.3 (6.1) |  |  |  |
 | p-net | – | p = 0.02 | p = 0.65 | p = 0.89 |  |  |  |
 Fruit/Vegetable | Minneapolis | 32.0 (5.3) | 40.5 (5.5) | 39.9 (5.6) | 54.7 (5.9) | 0.0007 | 0.009 | 0.95 |
 | St. Paul | 19.3 (5.0) | 23.3 (5.5) | 21.8 (5.4) | 32.6 (6.4) |  |  |  |
 | p-net | – | p = 0.71 | p = 0.61 | p = 0.57 |  |  |  |
 Meat and vegetable protein | Minneapolis | 82.9 (4.3) | 91.0 (3.3) | 93.5 (2.9) | 95.8 (2.4) | < 0.0001 | 0.95 | 0.96 |
 | St. Paul | 83.1 (4.7) | 92.0 (3.4) | 91.9 (3.5) | 96.6 (2.4) |  |  |  |
 | p-net | – | p = 0.80 | p = 0.70 | p = 0.83 | . |  |  |
 Canned beans and legumes | Minneapolis | 39.2 (5.6) | 48.3 (5.7) | 64.7 (5.6) | 67.8 (5.6) | 0.0002 | < 0.0001 | 0.42 |
 | St. Paul | 14.5 (4.5) | 21.8 (5.3) | 21.5 (5.3) | 26.5 (5.8) |  |  |  |
 | p-net | – | p = 0.76 | p = 0.27 | p = 0.32 |  |  |  |
 Dried peas and beans | Minneapolis | 41.2 (5.8) | 50.2 (5.9) | 67.8 (5.6) | 83.0 (4.6) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
 | St. Paul | 26.8 (5.8) | 33.9 (6.0) | 29.0 (5.7) | 28.6 (6.0) |  |  |  |
 | p-net | – | p = 0.94 | p = 0.01 | p = < 0.0001 |  |  |  |
 Whole grain cereal | Minneapolis | 76.6 (5.0) | 85.2 (4.2) | 82.8 (4.6) | 81.2 (4.7) | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.38 |
 | St. Paul | 63.1 (6.0) | 66.7 (6.4) | 70.5 (5.8) | 78.0 (5.4) |  |  |  |
 | p-net | – | p = 0.37 | p = 0.90 | p = 0.28 |  |  |  |
 Other whole grains | Minneapolis | 49.2 (5.7) | 47.3 (5.6) | 49.2 (5.7) | 61.9 (5.8) | 0.10 | <.0001 | 0.10 |
 | St. Paul | 24.3 (5.4) | 28.5 (5.8) | 15.1 (4.6) | 23.4 (5.7) |  |  |  |
 | p-net | – | p = 0.41 | p = 0.23 | p = 0.22 |  |  |  |