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Table 2 Evidence of 63 included studies on the association between factors and water consumption among children

From: Factors associated with water consumption among children: a systematic review

Factor

Negative association

No association

Positive association

n/Na

Summaryb

Individual level

 Socio-demographic

  Age

Beltrán-Aguilar; Sohn

Cockburn; Coppinger; Fenandez-Alvira, 2014; Patel, 2014; Petter; Vieux, 2017; Wang

Barraj; Drewnowski; Feferbaum; Jomaa; Patel, 2013; Piernas; Vieux, 2016

7/16

??

  Sex (girl)

Jomaa; Lioret; Papandreou; Patel, 2014; Pinket 2016b; Piernas(4-8y)c; Vieux, 2016

Beltrán-Aguilar; Bougatsas; Campos; Coppinger; Drewnowski; Fenandez-Alvira, 2014; Piernas(9–13y)c; Sichieri; Sohn; Vieux, 2017; Zohouri

Cockburn

8/19

??

 Health

  BMI

 

Dodd; Jomaa; Maffeis; Sichieri; Vieux, 2017

Cardon; Papandreou; Sleddens

3/8

??

  Medical condition

 

Cockburn

 

0/1

0

 Psychosocial

  Knowledge

  

Murnan

1/1

+

  Expectations of drinking water

  

Sharma

1/1

+

  Desire to drink any beverage

 

Lora

 

0/1

0

  Intention to drink water

  

Patel, 2014

1/1

+

  Preference water

  

Cullen

1/1

+

  Preference sugar-sweetened beverages

 

Cullen

 

0/1

0

  Self-efficacy drinking water

  

Dai; Elmore; Murnan

3/3

+

  Self-control drinking water

  

Elmore

1/1

+

 Behavior

  Sleep duration

 

Franckle

 

0/1

0

  Physical activity

 

Jomaa

Senterre

1/2

?

 Consumption behavior

  Consumption fruit/vegetables

  

Terry

1/1

+

  Consumption milk

 

Danyliw; Terry

Sichieri

1/3

0

  Consumption sugar-sweetened beverages

Mantziki 2017; Terry

Danyliw; Sichieri

 

2/4

??

  Consumption juice

 

Danyliw; Mantziki 2017; Sichieri; Terry

 

0/4

00

  Consumption moisture in drinks

Kant

  

1/1

–

  Consumption energy

 

Kant

 

0/1

0

  Consumption amount

Kant(2-5y)c

 

Kant(6-11y)c

1/2

?

  Consumption fat

 

Kant

 

0/1

0

  Consumption protein

 

Kant

 

0/1

0

  Consumption carbohydrate

 

Kant

 

0/1

0

  Consumption sugars

Kant

  

1/1

–

  Consumption fiber

 

Kant(2-5y)c

Kant(6-11y)c

1/2

?

  Consumption sodium

 

Kant

 

0/1

0

  Number of eating occasions

 

Kant

Kakietek

1/2

?

  Consumption snack

 

Kant(2-5y)c; Terry

Kant(6-11y)c

1/3

0

  Having breakfast

 

Kant(2-5y)c

Kant(6-11y)c

1/2

?

Interpersonal level

 Parental socio-demographic

  Education level (lower)

Ebenegger;

Fernández-Alvira, 2013; Pinket 2016b

Mantziki, 2015; Jomaa

 

3/5

–

  Income (lower)

Vieux, 2017

Beltrán-Aguilar; Drewnowski; Jomaa; Vieux, 2016

 

1/6

00

  Socioeconomic status indicatord (lower)

Cockburn; Terry

Campos; Cunningham; Jomaa; Makkes; Milla Tobarra; Patel, 2014

Sohn

2/9

00

  Ethnic background/race (non-white)

Cockburn; Drewnowski; Patel, 2014

Beltrán-Aguilar; Dodd; Ebenegger; Vieux, 2017

Sohn

3/8

??

  Generation immigration (first)

  

Parsons

1/1

+

  Language (not English)

 

Cockburn

Patel, 2014

1/2

?

  Receives nutritional support

 

Watowicz

 

0/1

0

Parental psychosocial

     

  Knowledge

 

Pinket,2016a

 

0/1

0

  Self-efficacy

  

Campbell; Mantziki, 2017; Pinket,2016a

3/3

+

  Perceives barriers

Cullen

Lora

 

1/2

?

  Concern weight child

 

Lora

 

0/1

0

Parent-child interaction

 Communicating health belief

  

Mantziki 2017

1/1

+

 Controlling feeding practice

 

Inhulsen; Sleddens

 

0/2

0

 Emotional feeding practice

 

Inhulsen; Lora; Mantziki, 2017; Sleddens;

Pinket,2016a

1/5

00

 Restrictive feeding practice

  

Mantziki 2017; Pinket,2016a; Sleddens

3/3

+

 Modelling feeding practice

 

Mantziki 2017; Pinket,2016a

Sleddens

1/3

0

 Negotiating feeding practice

  

Mantziki 2017

1/1

+

 Encouraging feeding practice

 

Sleddens

Inhulsen; Pinket,2016a

2/3

+

 Instrumental feeding practice

Inhulsen

Lora; Sleddens

 

1/3

0

 Pressure feeding practice

 

Sleddens

 

0/1

0

 Monitoring feeding practice

 

Mantziki 2017; Sleddens

 

0/2

0

Environmental level

 Home

  Availability soft drinks

Mantziki 2017; Pinket,2016a

  

2/2

–

  Availability fruit juice

Pinket,2016a

Mantziki 2017

 

1/2

?

  Availability water

  

Pinket,2016a

1/1

+

 School

  Free access water in classroom

  

Kaushik

1/1

+

  Having school lunch

Condon

Dubuisson

Evans

1/3

0

  School overall

 

Vereecken

 

0/1

0

  School compliant water regulations

 

Kakietek

 

0/1

0

  School participates nutritious meals

Kaketiek

  

1/1

–

  School participates nutrition training

 

Kakietek

 

0/1

0

  School participates program targeted low income families

  

Kaketiek

1/1

+

  School operating hours

  

Kakietek

1/1

+

  Classroom size

 

Kakietek

 

0/1

0

  Student-teacher ratio

 

Kakietek

 

0/1

0

  Teaching staff turnover

  

Kakietek

1/1

+

 Consumption place/time

  Eating at other’s house

 

Ayala

 

0/1

0

  Eating at restaurant

Ayala

  

1/1

–

  Type of restaurant

 

Ayala

 

0/1

0

  Meal time (lunch)

  

Campos

1/1

+

  Consumption during meal

  

Fenandez-Alvira, 2014

1/1

+

  Consumption on weekday

  

Hoffmann

1/1

+

 Other

  Country

  

De Craemer; Guelinckx

2/2

+

  Region

 

Cockburn

Vieux, 2017

1/2

?

  Outside temperature

 

Sohn; Terry

Beltrán-Aguilar

1/3

0

  Season (summer)

 

Vieux, 2017

Barraj

1/2

?

  Time

  

Bleich; Haroun; Sichert-Hellert; Zohouri

4/4

++

  1. Longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional studies are shown in bold. a) n = number studies reporting significant association; N = total number studies investigating association. b) For 3 studies: (0) no association, 0–33% of studies showed a significant association; (?) inconsistent association, 34–59% of studies reported significant associations; (+) positive or (−) negative association, 60–100% of studies demonstrated significant associations. For 4 or more studies a summary of these associations is presented with (00), (??), (++), or (−-) respectively. c) These studies stratified associations between factor and water consumption by age group, when associations were different, results are presented by age group and counted as 2 studies. d) Public/private school (2 studies), socio-economic index for areas, food insecurity, eligibility free/reduced lunch, health care card recipients, poverty-income ratio, employment status, index based on education and occupation