Table 3 Multivariable-Adjusted Changes (95% CI) in Calorie Underestimation and Noticing of Menu Calorie Information by Adults, Adolescents, and Children After Calorie Labeling in McDonald’s Restaurants Compared to Other Fast-Food Restaurants

Difference-in-differences^a

Pre

Post

Change (crude)

Change (adjusted)^a

Pre

Post

Change (crude)

Change (adjusted)^a

Adults

63%

64%

1% (−6, 8%)

1% (− 6, 8%)

69%

68%

0% (−5, 4%)

−1% (− 5, 4%)

1% (− 7, 9%)

Adolescents^b,c

78%

71%

−6% (− 12, 0%)

−5% (− 12, 1%)

76%

71%

− 5% (− 10, − 1%)

− 5% (− 10, − 1%)

−1% (−9, 8%)

Children^c

68%

67%

−1% (− 17, 14%)

1% (− 16, 17%)

70%

69%

0% (− 14, 13%)

−2% (− 17, 12%)

3% (−18, 24%)

Difference-in-differences^a

Pre

Post

Change (crude)

Change (adjusted)^a

Pre

Post

Change (crude)

Change (adjusted)^a

Adults

15%

45%

30% (24, 36%)

30% (24, 37%)

25%

26%

2% (−2, 6%)

2% (−2, 6%)

28% (21, 36%)

Adolescents^b,c

11%

38%

27% (21, 32%)

26% (20, 32%)

18%

19%

1% (− 4, 5%)

1% (−3, 5%)

25% (18, 32%)

Children^c

14%

36%

21% (7, 35%)

22% (7, 37%)

18%

25%

7% (−3, 18%)

9% (−2, 21%)

13% (− 7, 31%)