Table 1 Characteristics of study participants (n = 157)
Mean or Number | SD or % | |
|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 58.56 | 9.49 |
Race | ||
White | 150 | 95.5 |
Other | 6 | 3.8 |
Not reported | 1 | 0.6 |
Employment status | ||
Employed | 106 | 67.5 |
Unemployed | 5 | 3.2 |
Homemaker | 9 | 5.7 |
Retired | 36 | 22.9 |
Not reported | 1 | 0.6 |
Household income | ||
< $25,000 | 30 | 19.1 |
$25,000 to < $50,000 | 42 | 26.8 |
$50,000 to < $75,000 | 34 | 21.7 |
≥ $75,000 | 41 | 26.1 |
Not reported | 10 | 6.4 |
Smoking status | ||
Current smoker | 6 | 3.8 |
Former smoker | 41 | 26.1 |
Never smoker | 110 | 70.1 |
Alcohol use | ||
Yes | 73 | 46.5 |
No | 84 | 53.5 |
Dietary supplement use | ||
Yes | 113 | 72.0 |
No | 44 | 28.0 |
Carotenoid-containing dietary supplement use | ||
Yes | 46 | 29.3 |
No | 111 | 70.7 |
Lipid-lowering medication use | ||
Yes | 40 | 25.5 |
No | 38 | 24.2 |
Not reported | 79 | 50.3 |
Chronic disease diagnosis 1 | ||
Yes | 113 | 72.0 |
No | 44 | 28.0 |
Anthropometric characteristics | ||
Measured BMI | 35.72 | 6.48 |
Self-reported BMI | 35.30 | 6.50 |
Dermal carotenoid score | 34,067.94 | 10,454.01 |
Blood measurements | ||
Serum carotenoids (μg/g) | 0.85 | 0.36 |
Serum cholesterol (mg/dL) | 201.78 | 42.92 |
Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) | 143.85 | 74.51 |
Fruit and vegetable intake (cups/day) | ||
Modified AHA tool | 2.80 | 1.47 |
FVS 2 | 3.99 | 2.68 |
24-h recall 2 | 2.33 | 1.38 |
Dietary characteristics | ||
Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1801.79 | 504.20 |
Total fat intake (g/d) | 78.39 | 27.38 |
Total dietary carotenoids measured by 24-h recall (μg) | 9971.89 | 6225.30 |