Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants according to changes in commuting mode over 5 years (n = 29,758)
Baseline variables | Maintained inactive commutea (n = 14,704) | Switched from active or public transportation to inactive commute (n = 2485) | Switched from inactive to active or public transportation commute (n = 2359) | Maintained active or public transportation (n = 10,210) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Age, years | 43.1 ± 8.1 | 42.0 ± 8.1 | 42.1 ± 7.9 | 43.8 ± 8.2 |
 Men, n (%) | 12,405 (84.4) | 2147 (86.4) | 2023 (85.8) | 9233 (90.4) |
 Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.5 ± 3.5 | 23.6 ± 3.5 | 23.6 ± 3.5 | 23.6 ± 3.3 |
 Body weight, kg | 67.0 ± 12.0 | 67.9 ± 12.1 | 67.7 ± 12.2 | 68.0 ± 11.3 |
 Visceral fat areas, cm2 b | 119.0 ± 50.7 | 122.0 ± 48.2 | 130.6 ± 53.6 | 119.8 ± 51.3 |
 Subcutaneous fat areas, cm2 b | 141.2 ± 61.2 | 146.2 ± 62.0 | 145.8 ± 59.0 | 137.8 ± 58.1 |
 Waist circumference, cmb | 86.4 ± 8.6 | 87.0 ± 8.4 | 87.8 ± 8.5 | 86.3 ± 8.3 |
 Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 121.7 ± 14.1 | 121.0 ± 14.2 | 121.3 ± 14.0 | 122.1 ± 14.2 |
 Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 75.9 ± 10.1 | 75.5 ± 10.3 | 75.9 ± 9.9 | 76.5 ± 10.1 |
 Treatment for hypertension, n (%) | 1021 (6.9) | 163 (6.6) | 135 (5.7) | 708 (6.9) |
 Fasting triglyceride, mg/dLc | 125.6 ± 89.3 | 131.8 ± 93.9 | 131.3 ± 97.0 | 130.1 ± 95.3 |
 HDL-cholesterol, mg/dLc | 55.6 ± 14.1 | 55.5 ± 14.2 | 55.3 ± 13.9 | 55.9 ± 14.0 |
 LDL-cholesterol, mg/dLc | 118.7 ± 30.6 | 118.1 ± 30.0 | 118.5 ± 30.6 | 119.3 ± 29.4 |
 Treatment for dyslipidemia, n (%) | 654 (4.5) | 96 (3.9) | 108 (4.6) | 412 (4.0) |
 Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dLc | 100.5 ± 18.7 | 100.5 ± 19.8 | 99.5 ± 16.5 | 101.6 ± 19.1 |
 HbA1c, %c | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 5.6 ± 0.7 | 5.7 ± 0.7 |
 Treatment for diabetes, n (%) | 405 (2.8) | 75 (3.0) | 50 (2.1) | 288 (2.8) |
 Current smokers, n (%) | 7021 (47.7) | 3663 (35.9) | 1058 (42.6) | 1029 (43.6) |
 Ethanol consumption of ≥46 g per day, n (%) | 1291 (8.8) | 231 (9.3) | 214 (9.1) | 977 (9.6) |
 Sleep duration of < 6 h/day, n (%) | 7504 (51.1) | 1313 (52.9) | 1260 (53.4) | 5393 (52.8) |
 Leisure-time exercise in min/week | 56.1 ± 147.6 | 47.1 ± 107.1 | 56.8 ± 139.1 | 48.1 ± 120.6 |
 No leisure-time exercise, n (%) | 9567 (65.1) | 1663 (66.9) | 1513 (64.1) | 6838 (67.0) |
 Sedentary work, n (%) | 7810 (53.1) | 1660 (66.8) | 1588 (67.3) | 7486 (73.3) |
 Shift work, n (%) | 3450 (23.5) | 372 (15.0) | 362 (15.4) | 976 (9.6) |
 Not in high job position, n (%) | 12,745 (86.7) | 2004 (80.6) | 1845 (78.2) | 7532 (73.8) |
 Overtime work ≥45 h/month, n (%) | 4987 (33.9) | 959 (38.6) | 958 (40.6) | 3973 (38.9) |
Primary commute mode, n (%) | ||||
 Walking | 0 (0) | 659 (26.5) | 0 (0) | 3017 (29.6) |
 Cycling | 0 (0) | 930 (37.4) | 0 (0) | 1980 (19.4) |
 Bus/train (public transportation) | 0 (0) | 896 (36.1) | 0 (0) | 5213 (51.1) |
 Car/motorbike | 14,704 (100) | 0 (0) | 2359 (100) | 0 (0) |
Walking to and from work | ||||
  < 20 min, n (%) | 10,730 (73.0) | 1029 (41.4) | 1669 (70.8) | 2503 (24.5) |
 20 to < 40 min, n (%) | 3708 (25.2) | 969 (39.0) | 632 (26.8) | 4277 (41.9) |
  ≥ 40 min, n (%) | 266 (1.8) | 487 (19.6) | 58 (2.5) | 3430 (33.6) |